The Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S^4G)

Abstract

The Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies S^4G is an Exploration Science Legacy Program approved for the Spitzer post-cryogenic mission. It is a volume-, magnitude-, and size-limited (d < 40 Mpc, |b| > 30 degrees, m_(Bcorr) < 15.5, D25>1') survey of 2,331 galaxies using IRAC at 3.6 and 4.5 microns. Each galaxy is observed for 240 s and mapped to > 1.5 x D25. The final mosaicked images have a typical 1 sigma rms noise level of 0.0072 and 0.0093 MJy / sr at 3.6 and 4.5 microns, respectively. Our azimuthally-averaged surface brightness profile typically traces isophotes at mu_3.6 (AB) (1 sigma) ~ 27 mag arcsec^-2, equivalent to a stellar mass surface density of ~ 1 Msun pc^-2. S^4G thus provides an unprecedented data set for the study of the distribution of mass and stellar structures in the local Universe. This paper introduces the survey, the data analysis pipeline and measurements for a first set of galaxies, observed in both the cryogenic and warm mission phase of Spitzer. For every galaxy we tabulate the galaxy diameter, position angle, axial ratio, inclination at mu_3.6 (AB) = 25.5 and 26.5 mag arcsec^-2 (equivalent to ~ mu_B (AB) =27.2 and 28.2 mag arcsec^-2, respectively). These measurements will form the initial S^4G catalog of galaxy properties. We also measure the total magnitude and the azimuthally-averaged radial profiles of ellipticity, position angle, surface brightness and color. Finally, we deconstruct each galaxy using GALFIT into its main constituent stellar components: the bulge/spheroid, disk, bar, and nuclear point source, where necessary. Together these data products will provide a comprehensive and definitive catalog of stellar structures, mass and properties of galaxies in the nearby Universe.

Accepted for Publication in PASP, 14 pages, 13 figures

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• The S4G perspective on circumstellar dust extinction of AGB stars in M100
• Building the peanut: simulations and observations of peanut-shaped structures and ansae in face-on disk galaxies
• SPIRITS 16tn in NGC 3556: A heavily obscured and low-luminosity supernova at 8.8 Mpc
• The secular growth of bars revealed by flat (peak + shoulders) density profiles
• Large-Scale Outer Rings of Early-type Disk Galaxies
• A hyper luminous starburst at z=4.72 magnified by a lensing galaxy pair at z=1.48
• LLAMA: Nuclear stellar properties of Swift BAT AGN and matched inactive galaxies
• Radial Star Formation Histories in 32 Nearby Galaxies
• The robustness in identifying and quantifying high-redshift bars using JWST observations
• Genesis of morpho-kinematic lopsidedness in minor merger of galaxies
• Bulge formation through disc instability -- I
• An Accreting, Anomalously Low Mass Black Hole at the Center of Low Mass Galaxy IC 750
• Galaxies decomposition with spiral arms -- II: A multiwavelength case study of M 51
• Clumps as multiscale structures in cosmic noon galaxies
• Ultra-deep Imaging: Structure of Disks and Haloes
• The distribution of dust in edge-on galaxies: I. The global structure
• Globular Cluster Populations: First Results from S${}^4$G Early-Type Galaxies
• Disc galaxies are still settling: The discovery of the smallest nuclear discs and their young stellar bars
• The nature of the UV halo around the spiral galaxy NGC 3628
• The Dragonfly Edge-on Galaxies Survey: Shaping the outer disc of NGC 4565 via accretion
• The Extended Disk Galaxy Exploration Science Survey: Description and Surface Brightness Profile Properties
• Galaxy Structural Analysis with the Curvature of the Brightness Profile
• PHANGS-ALMA: Arcsecond CO(2-1) Imaging of Nearby Star-Forming Galaxies
• The Profiles of Bars in Spiral Galaxies
• A possible signature of the influence of tidal perturbations in dwarf galaxy scaling relations
• The intrinsic three-dimensional shape of galactic bars
• Photometric scaling relations of antitruncated stellar discs in S0-Scd galaxies
• NGC4370: a case study for testing our ability to infer dust distribution and mass in nearby galaxies
• Quashing a suspected selection bias in galaxy samples having dynamically-measured supermassive black holes
• Early-type dwarf galaxies with multicomponent stellar structure: Are they remnants of disc galaxies strongly transformed by their environment?
• Galactic resonance rings. Modelling of motions in the wide solar neighborhood
• The imprint of the thick stellar disc in the mid-plane of three early-type edge-on galaxies in the Fornax cluster
• New dwarf galaxy candidates in the sphere of influence of the Local Volume spiral galaxy NGC2683
• The Extraplanar Type II Supernova ASASSN-14jb in the Nearby Edge-on Galaxy ESO 467-G051
• Cuspy dark matter density profiles in massive dwarf galaxies
• Colors of barlenses: evidence for connecting them to boxy/peanut bulges
• The kinematics of young and old stellar populations in nuclear rings of MUSE TIMER galaxies
• The size--mass and other structural parameter ($n,{\mu }_z,R_z$) relations for local bulges/spheroids from multicomponent decompositions
• Linking star formation thresholds and truncations in the thin and thick disks of the low-mass galaxy UGC 7321
• Comparing narrow and broad-line AGNs, in a new diagnostic diagram for emission-line galaxies based on WISE data
• The ALMA Frontier Fields survey V: ALMA Stacking of Lyman-Break Galaxies in Abell 2744, Abell 370, Abell S1063, MACSJ0416.1-2403 and MACSJ1149.5+2223
• Magnetic fields in ring galaxies
• Inner and outer rings are not strongly coupled with stellar bars
• The Shape of Dark Matter Haloes IV. The Structure of Stellar Discs in Edge-on Galaxies
• The JWST view of the barred galaxy population in the SMACS0723 galaxy cluster
• Comparing the Locations of Supernovae to CO (2-1) Emission in their Host Galaxies
• Anomalous gas in ESO 149-G003: A MeerKAT-16 View
• The Dark Matter Distributions in Low-Mass Disk Galaxies. I. H$\alpha$ Observations Using the Palomar Cosmic Web Imager
• New X-shaped bulge photometric model as a tool for measuring B/PS bulges and their X-structures in photometric studies
• GALFIT-ing AGN Host Galaxies in COSMOS: HST vs. Subaru
• Extragalactic Stellar Tidal Streams: Observations meet Simulation
• Cool Dust in the Outer Ring of NGC 1291
• Multiwavelength Bulge-Disk Decomposition for the Galaxy M81 (NGC 3031). I. Morphology
• The GMRT archive atomic gas survey -- II. Mass modelling and dark matter halo properties across late-type spirals
• The insight into the dark side. I. The pitfalls of the dark halo parameters estimation
• The vertical structure of the spiral galaxy NGC 3501: first stages of the formation of a thin metal-rich disc
• Sub-kiloparsec empirical relations and excitation conditions of HCN and HCO+ J=3-2 in nearby star-forming galaxies
• Field/Isolated lenticular galaxies with high $S_N$ values: the case of NGC 4546 and its globular cluster system
• Young Star-Forming Complexes in the Ring of the S0 galaxy NGC 4324
• Refining the mass estimate for the intermediate-mass black hole candidate in NGC 3319
• Unveiling the 100 pc scale nuclear radio structure of NGC 6217 with e-MERLIN and the VLA
• NGC 474 as viewed with KCWI: diagnosing a shell galaxy
• CO Multi-line Imaging of Nearby Galaxies (COMING). X. Physical conditions of molecular gas and the local SFR-Mass relation
• Growth of disc-like pseudo-bulges in SDSS DR7 since z = 0.1
• The origin of star-forming rings in S0 galaxies
• Evidence of the Galactic outer ring R1R2' from young open clusters and OB-associations
• Low Surface Brightness structures from annotated deep CFHT images: effects of the host galaxy's properties and environment
• Testing Distance Estimators with the Fundamental Manifold
• Comparing Mid-Infrared Globular Cluster Colors With Population Synthesis Models
• Star formation in outer rings of S0 galaxies. IV. NGC 254 -- a double-ringed S0 with gas counter-rotation
• The Odd Offset between the Galactic Disk and Its Bar in NGC 3906
• Testing for relics of past strong buckling events in edge-on galaxies: Simulation predictions and data from S${}^4$G
• Bimodality of Galaxy Disk Central Surface Brightness Distribution in the Spitzer 3.6 micron band
• Globular Cluster Populations: Results Including S${}^4$G Late-Type Galaxies
• Chemical abundances and deviations from the solar S/O ratio in the gas-phase ISM of galaxies based on infrared emission lines
• Gathering dust: A galaxy-wide study of dust emission from cloud complexes in NGC 300
• Properties of Galaxies in the Disc Central Surface Brightness Gap
• NIHAO XXVIII: Collateral effects of AGN on dark matter concentration and stellar kinematics
• Dense gas scaling relations at kiloparsec scales across nearby galaxies with the ALMA ALMOND and IRAM 30m EMPIRE surveys
• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon excitation in nearby spiral galaxies
• Infrared-detected AGNs in the Local Universe
• Revealing the Double Nucleus of NGC 4490
• MEGADES: MEGARA Galaxy Discs Evolution Survey. Data Release I: central fields
• Modeling the Mass Distribution and Gravitational Potential of Nearby Disk Galaxies: Implications for the ISM Dynamical Equilibrium
• Outer and inner mass distributions of the irregular galaxies UGC 4284 and UGC 11861: Constraining the baryonic content through stellar population synthesis studies
• Identification of Intermediate-mass Black Hole Candidates Among a Sample of Sd Galaxies
• Stringent limits on the masses of the supermassive black holes in seven nearby galaxies
• A prediction on the age of thick discs as a function of the stellar mass of the host galaxy
• A 260 pc resolution ALMA map of HCN(1-0) in the galaxy NGC 4321
• Relatively young thick disks in star-forming late-type galaxies
• The Complete Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (CS${}^4$G)
• A Comprehensive Analysis on the Nature of the Spiral Arms in NGC 3686, NGC 4321, and NGC 2403
• Dwarf Galaxies in the MATLAS Survey: The satellite system of NGC474 under scrutiny with MUSE
• A Mid-infrared Flare in the Seyfert Galaxy NGC 3786: A Changing-look Event Triggered by an Obscured Tidal Disruption Event?
• On the Thermally Pulsing Asymptotic Giant Branch Contribution to the Light of Nearby Disk Galaxies
• Mass content of UGC 6446 and UGC 7524 through HI rotation curves: deriving the stellar discs from stellar population synthesis models
• Statistically bias-minimized peculiar velocity catalogs from Gibbs point processes and Bayesian inference
• The Intrinsic Flattening of Galaxy Disks
• The extended disc and halo of the Andromeda galaxy observed with Spitzer-IRAC
• Uncovering the truth about M101, NGC 3938, and their significant others through radiative transfer
• Elliptical (E) and ellicular (ES) galaxies in the M_bh-M_*,sph diagram, and a merger-driven explanation for the origin of ES galaxies, anti-truncated stellar discs in lenticular galaxies, and the Sersicification of E galaxy light profiles
• Galactic properties that favour star cluster formation: a statistical view
• Low-mass disc galaxies and the issue of stability: MOND vs dark matter
• Barless flocculent galaxies: a dynamic puzzle
• Constraints on the Minor Merging and Star Formation History of the Wolf-Rayet Galaxy NGC 5430 Through Observations
• General circular velocity relation of a test particle in a 3D gravitational potential: application to the rotation curves analysis and total mass determination of UGC 8490 and UGC 9753
• Non-parametric decompositions of disk galaxies in S${}^4$G using DiskFit
• Comparing the structural parameters of the Milky Way to other spiral galaxies
• The sequence of spiral arm classes: Observational signatures of persistent spiral density waves in grand-design galaxies
• UGC 10043 in Depth: Dissecting the Polar Bulge and Subtle LSB Features
• Gravitational instability and spatial regularity of the gas clouds and young stellar population in spiral arms of NGC 628
• Probing the Infrared/Radio correlation of the full IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Sample with MeerKAT and the VLA
• The GECKOS Survey: Resolved, multiphase observations of mass-loading and gas density in the galactic wind of NGC 4666
• The GECKOS survey: Jeans anisotropic models of edge-on discs uncover the impact of dust and kinematic structures
• Implications of a spatially resolved main sequence for the size evolution of star forming galaxies
• Influence of Barlens on the Bulge Parameters in the 2D Image Decomposition
• Disc instability and bar formation: view from the IllustrisTNG simulations
• The relationship between nuclear rings and the overall galaxy morphology
• Noncircular Outer Disks in Unbarred S0 Galaxies: NGC 502 and NGC 5485
• Dark-matter-induced transients over cosmic time: The role of star formation history profiles
• UV-IR color profiles of the outer regions of 2K nearby S${}^4$G galaxies
• Using N-body simulations to understand the chemo-dynamical evolution of the inner Milky Way
• From Stellar Nurseries to Old Stellar Populations: A Multi-wavelength Case of NGC 1055
• Changes: The Past, Present, and Future of the Nearby Dwarf Galaxy NGC 55
• Tidal Structures Around Edge-On Galaxies in Deep Imaging Surveys
• The Fornax Deep Survey (FDS) with the VST: III. Low Surface Brightness (LSB) dwarfs and Ultra Diffuse Galaxies (UDGs) in the center of the Fornax cluster
• DAGAL: Detailed Anatomy of Galaxies
• The stellar mass distribution of S${}^4$G disk galaxies
• The Nuclear Star Cluster of M 74: a fossil record of the very early stages of a star-forming galaxy
• Breaking the disc-halo degeneracy in NGC 1291 using hydrodynamic simulations
• Origin of the spectacular tidal shells of galaxy NGC474
• Implications of the correlation between bulge-to-total baryonic mass ratio and the number of satellites for SAGA galaxies
• TONGS: A Treasury Of Nearby Galaxy Surveys
• The vertical structure of the stellar disk in NGC 551
• The impact of bars on the properties of HII regions in the TIMER survey
• Star Formation Properties in Barred Galaxies (SFB). II. NGC 2903 and NGC 7080
• Dynamical modelling of galactic disc outskirts
• Resolved nuclear kinematics link the formation and growth of nuclear star clusters with the evolution of their early and late-type hosts