The Fornax Deep Survey (FDS) with the VST: III. Low Surface Brightness (LSB) dwarfs and Ultra Diffuse Galaxies (UDGs) in the center of the Fornax cluster

Abstract

Studies of low surface brightness (LSB) galaxies in nearby clusters have revealed a sub-population of extremely diffuse galaxies with central surface brightness ${\mu }_{0,g^{\prime }}$ > 24 mag arcsec${}^{-2}$ and effective radius between 1.5 kpc < R${}_e$ < 10 kpc. The origin of these Ultra Diffuse Galaxies (UDGs) is still unclear, although several theories have been suggested. We exploit the deep g', r' and i'-band images of the Fornax Deep Survey (FDS), in order to identify LSB galaxies in the center of the Fornax cluster. We identified visually all extended structures having r'-band central surface brightness of ${\mu }_{0,r^{\prime }}$ > 23 mag arcsec${}^{-2}$. We classified the objects based on their appearance and performed 2D Sérsic model fitting with GALFIT. We analyzed their distribution and orientations in the cluster, and studied their colors and compared the LSB galaxies in Fornax with those in other environments. Our sample consists of 205 galaxies of which 196 are LSB dwarfs (with R${}_e$ < 1.5kpc) and nine are UDGs (R${}_e$ > 1.5 kpc). We show that the UDGs have g'-r' colors similar to those of LSB dwarfs. The largest UDGs in our sample appear different from the other LSB galaxies, in that they are significantly more elongated and extended, whereas the smaller UDGs differ from the LSB dwarfs only by their effective radii. We do not find clear differences between the structural parameters of the UDGs in our sample and those of UDGs in other galaxy environments. We find that the dwarf LSB galaxies in our sample are less concentrated in the cluster center than the galaxies with higher surface brightness, and that their number density drops in the core of the cluster. Our findings are consistent with the small UDGs forming the tail of a continuous distribution of less extended LSB galaxies. However, the elongated and distorted shapes of the large UDGs could imply that they are tidally disturbed galaxies.

31 pages, 21 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

References in corpus (42)

• Empirical Color Transformations Between SDSS Photometry and Other Photometric Systems
• The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. VIII. The Nuclei of Early-Type Galaxies
• Forty-Seven Milky Way-Sized, Extremely Diffuse Galaxies in the Coma Cluster
• The XMM-Newton Serendipitous Survey. V. The Second XMM-Newton Serendipitous Source Catalogue
• The Evolution of Galaxy Structure over Cosmic Time
• The Atlas3D project -- XXIX. The new look of early-type galaxies and surrounding fields disclosed by extremely deep optical images
• NIHAO XI: Formation of Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies by outflows
• The Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy (VISTA): Design, Technical Overview and Performance
• The ACS Fornax Cluster Survey. I. Introduction to the Survey and Data Reduction Procedures
• Virgo cluster early-type dwarf galaxies with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. II. Early-type dwarfs with central star formation
• Clusters at Half Hubble Time: Galaxy Structure and Colors in RXJ0152.7-1357 and MS1054-03
• The abundance of ultra-diffuse galaxies from groups to clusters: UDGs are relatively more common in more massive haloes
• The Dragonfly Nearby Galaxies Survey. II. Ultra diffuse galaxies near the elliptical galaxy NGC 5485
• The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS). XXX. Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies and their Globular Cluster Systems
• The influence of diffuse scattered light I. The PSF and its role to observations of the edge-on galaxy NGC 5907
• A physically motivated definition for the size of galaxies in an era of ultra-deep imaging
• The nearest ultra diffuse galaxy: UGC2162
• The Fornax Deep Survey (FDS) with VST. VI. Optical properties of the dwarf galaxies in the Fornax cluster
• A population of faint low surface brightness galaxies in the Perseus cluster core
• The evolution of ultra-diffuse galaxies in nearby galaxy clusters from the Kapteyn IAC WEAVE INT Clusters Survey ($\text{KIWICS}$)
• The Fornax Deep Survey with VST. VIII. Connecting the accretion history with the cluster density
• The early-type dwarf galaxy population of the Centaurus cluster
• The Fornax Deep Survey (FDS) with the VST XI. The search for signs of preprocessing between the Fornax main cluster and Fornax A group
• Keck spectroscopy of the faint dwarf elliptical galaxy population in the Perseus Cluster core: mixed stellar populations and a flat luminosity function
• Intra-cluster patches of baryons in the core of the Fornax cluster
• NIHAO XXI: The emergence of Low Surface Brightness galaxies
• Luminosity Functions and Host-to-Host Scatter of Dwarf Satellite Systems in the Local Volume
• The first detection of ultra-diffuse galaxies in the Hydra I cluster from VEGAS survey
• Using Surface Brightness Fluctuations to Study Nearby Satellite Galaxy Systems: Calibration and Methodology
• The Fornax Deep Survey with VST. IX. The catalog of sources in the FDS area, with an example study for globular clusters and background galaxies
• The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS). XXIV. The Red Sequence to $\sim$10${}^6$ L${}_{\odot }$ and Comparisons with Galaxy Formation Models
• Hubble Space Telescope Survey of the Perseus Cluster: II. Photometric scaling relations in different environments
• Luminosity and surface brightness distribution of K-band galaxies from the UKIDSS Large Area Survey
• Are ultra-diffuse galaxies Milky Way-sized?
• The Fornax Deep Survey with VST. X. The assembly history of the bright galaxies and intra-group light in the Fornax A subgroup
• The Intrinsic Shapes of Low Surface Brightness Galaxies: a Discriminant of LSBG Formation Mechanisms
• Optimising and comparing source extraction tools using objective segmentation quality criteria
• How nucleation and luminosity shape faint dwarf galaxies
• How similar is the stellar structure of low-mass late-type galaxies to that of early-type dwarfs?
• Mass and Environment as Drivers of Galaxy Evolution III: The constancy of the faint-end slope and the merging of galaxies
• Signatures of quenching in dwarf galaxies in local galaxy clusters
• Dwarfs from the Dark (Energy Survey): a machine learning approach to classify dwarf galaxies from multi-band images

Cited by in corpus (23)

• From galactic bars to the Hubble tension: weighing up the astrophysical evidence for Milgromian gravity
• Shadows in the Dark: Low-Surface-Brightness Galaxies Discovered in the Dark Energy Survey
• ELVES I: Structures of Dwarf Satellites of MW-like Galaxies; Morphology, Scaling Relations, and Intrinsic Shapes
• ELVES II: GCs and Nuclear Star Clusters of Dwarf Galaxies; The Importance of Environment
• The distribution and morphologies of Fornax Cluster dwarf galaxies suggest they lack dark matter
• Early Science from POSSUM: Shocks, turbulence, and a massive new reservoir of ionised gas in the Fornax cluster
• The Carnegie Chicago Hubble Program X: Tip of the Red Giant Branch Distances to NGC 5643 and NGC 1404
• VEGAS: A VST Early-type GAlaxy Survey.VI. The diffuse light in HCG 86 from the ultra-deep VEGAS images
• Optimising and comparing source extraction tools using objective segmentation quality criteria
• CO($J$=1-0) mapping survey of 64 galaxies in the Fornax cluster with the ALMA Morita array
• Ultra-compact dwarfs beyond the centre of the Fornax galaxy cluster: Hints of UCD formation in low-density environments
• Calibrating cosmological simulations with implicit likelihood inference using galaxy growth observables
• Photometric and Structural Parameters of Newly Discovered Nuclear Star Clusters in Local Volume Galaxies
• MeerKAT HI commissioning observations of MHONGOOSE galaxy ESO 302-G014
• PHANGS-JWST First Results: A combined HST and JWST analysis of the nuclear star cluster in NGC 628
• The Fornax3D project: The assembly history of massive early-type galaxies in the Fornax cluster from deep imaging and integral field spectroscopy
• On the assembly history of massive galaxies. A pilot project with VEGAS deep imaging and M3G integral field spectroscopy
• The Fornax Cluster VLT Spectroscopic Survey IV -- Cold kinematical substructures in the Fornax core from COSTA
• Brought to Light I: Quantification of Disk Substructure in Dwarf Early-Type Galaxies
• The Fornax3D project: Intrinsic Correlations between Orbital Properties and the Stellar Initial Mass Function
• Brought to Light III: Colors of Disk and Clump Substructures in Dwarf Early-Type Galaxies of the Fornax Cluster
• Photometric properties of nuclear star clusters and their host galaxies in the Fornax cluster
• The Exploration of Local VolumE Satellites (ELVES) Survey: A Nearly Volume-Limited Sample of Nearby Dwarf Satellite Systems