Creation and control of a two-dimensional electron liquid at the bare SrTiO3 surface

Abstract

Many-body interactions in transition-metal oxides give rise to a wide range of functional properties, such as high-temperature superconductivity, colossal magnetoresistance, or multiferroicity. The seminal recent discovery of a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at the interface of the insulating oxides LaAlO3 and SrTiO3 represents an important milestone towards exploiting such properties in all-oxide devices. This conducting interface shows a number of appealing properties, including a high electron mobility, superconductivity, and large magnetoresistance and can be patterned on the few-nanometer length scale. However, the microscopic origin of the interface 2DEG is poorly understood. Here, we show that a similar 2DEG, with an electron density as large as 8x10^13 cm^-2, can be formed at the bare SrTiO3 surface. Furthermore, we find that the 2DEG density can be controlled through exposure of the surface to intense ultraviolet (UV) light. Subsequent angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) measurements reveal an unusual coexistence of a light quasiparticle mass and signatures of strong many-body interactions.

14 pages, 4 figures, supplementary information (see other files)

References in corpus (7)

• Magnetic effects at the interface between nonmagnetic oxides
• Electric Field Control of the LaAlO${}_3$/SrTiO${}_3$ Interface Ground State
• Origin of charge density at LaAlO3-on-SrTiO3 hetero-interfaces; possibility of intrinsic doping
• Snell's law for surface electrons: Refraction of an electron gas imaged in real space
• The hierarchy of multiple many-body interaction scales in high-temperature superconductors
• Charge writing at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 surface
• Optically tuned dimensionality crossover in photocarrier-doped SrTiO${}_3$: onset of weak localization

Cited by in corpus (189)

• Broadband Linear-Dichroic Photodetector in a Black Phosphorus Vertical p-n Junction
• Electronic structure of quantum materials studied by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
• Large tuneable Rashba spin splitting of a two-dimensional electron gas in Bi2Se3
• Theory of spin-orbit coupling at LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interfaces and SrTiO3 surfaces
• A Universal Critical Density Underlying the Physics of Electrons at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 Interface
• Tunable polaronic conduction in anatase TiO2
• Physics of SrTiO${}_3$-based heterostructures and nanostructures: a review
• Emergent quantum confinement at topological insulator surfaces
• Superconductivity in Few-Layer Stanene
• Tailoring the nature and strength of electron-phonon interactions in the SrTiO${}_3$(001) two-dimensional electron liquid
• Subband structure of a two-dimensional electron gas formed at the polar surface of the strong spin-orbit perovskite KTaO${}_3$
• Strongly spin-orbit coupled two-dimensional electron gas emerging near the surface of polar semiconductors
• Quasiparticle dynamics and spin-orbital texture of the SrTiO3 two-dimensional electron gas
• Oxide spin-orbitronics: spin-charge interconversion and topological spin textures
• Universal Fabrication of Two-Dimensional Electron Systems in Functional Oxides
• Origin of two-dimensional electron gases at oxide interfaces: insights from theory
• Nanoscale Phenomena in Oxide Heterostructures
• Carrier freeze-out induced metal-insulator transition in oxygen deficient SrTiO3 films
• Nonlinear planar Hall effect
• Theory of the SrTiO3 Surface State Two-Dimensional Electron Gas
• Spin-orbit splitting of the Shockley surface state on Cu(111)
• Anisotropic two-dimensional electron gas at SrTiO3(110) protected by its native overlayer
• Persistent Optically Induced Magnetism in Oxygen-Deficient Strontium Titanate
• Electron Correlation in Oxygen Vacancy in SrTiO${}_3$
• Unexpected Anisotropic Two Dimensional Electron Gas at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 (110) Interface
• Control of a two-dimensional electron gas on SrTiO3(111) by atomic oxygen
• Coexistence of trapped and free excess electrons in SrTiO3
• Atomically flat single terminated oxide substrate surfaces
• Mixed Dimensionality of Confined Conducting Electrons in the Surface Region of SrTiO${}_3$
• Creation of high mobility two-dimensional electron gases via strain induced polarization at an otherwise nonpolar complex oxide interface
• Rashba induced magnetoconductance oscillations in the LaAlO3-SrTiO3 heterostructure
• Visible light enhanced field effect at LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface
• Atomic and electronic structures of FeSe monolayer and bilayer thin films on SrTiO${}_3$ (001): a first-principles study
• Ubiquitous strong electron phonon coupling at the interface of FeSe/SrTiO3
• Doping-dependent band structure of LaAlO${}_3$/SrTiO${}_3$ interfaces by soft x-ray polarization-controlled resonant angle-resolved photoemission
• Supercondutor-Insulator Transition on Annealed Complex Networks
• Orientational tuning of the Fermi sea of confined electrons at the SrTiO3 (110) and (111) surfaces
• Quantum-Matter Heterostructures
• Surface magnetism of strontium titanate
• Phase separation from electron confinement at oxide interfaces
• Intrinsic instability of electronic interfaces with strong Rashba coupling
• Magnetism, spin texture and in-gap states: Atomic specialization at the surface of oxygen-deficient SrTiO${}_3$
• Unintentional F doping of the surface of SrTiO3(001) etched in HF acid -- structure and electronic properties
• Tuning the two-dimensional electron gas at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3(001) interface by metallic contacts
• Energetic, spatial and momentum character of a buried interface: the two-dimensional electron gas between two metal oxides
• Band Structure and Spin-Orbital Texture of the (111)-KTaO3 Two-Dimensional Electron Gas
• Hubbard band or oxygen vacancy states in the correlated electron metal SrVO${}_3$?
• Coexistence of two- and three-dimensional Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations in Ar^+ -irradiated KTaO_3
• Engineering two-dimensional electron gases at the (001) and (101) surfaces of TiO2 anatase using light
• Ab initio study of the two-dimensional metallic state at the surface of SrTiO3: importance of oxygen vacancies
• Localized versus itinerant states created by multiple oxygen vacancies in SrTiO3
• Creating Two-Dimensional Electron Gas in Nonpolar Oxide Interface via Polarization Discontinuity: First-Principles Analysis of CaZrO3/SrTiO3 Heterostructure
• Oxygen Vacancy Induced Flat Phonon Mode at FeSe /SrTiO3 interface
• Full field electron spectromicroscopy applied to ferroelectric materials
• Fermi surface and superconductivity in low-density high-mobility δ-doped SrTiO3
• Stoichiometry-driven switching between surface reconstructions on SrTiO${}_3$(001)
• Spin responses and effective Hamiltonian for the two dimensional electron gas at oxide interface {LaAlO}${}_3$/{SrTiO}${}_3$
• Anomalous orbital structure in a spinel-perovskite interface $\gamma$-Al${}_2$O${}_3$/SrTiO${}_3$
• Water Adsorption at the Tetrahedral Titania Surface Layer of SrTiO${}_3$(110)-(4$\times$1)
• Observation of a two-dimensional electron gas at the surface of annealed SrTiO3 single crystals by scanning tunneling spectroscopy
• Microscopic origin of the mobility enhancement at a spinel/perovskite oxide heterointerface revealed by photoemission spectroscopy
• Quantum longitudinal and Hall transport at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface at low electron densities
• Enhancing interfacial magnetization with a ferroelectric
• Phase diagrams of voltage-gated oxide interfaces with strong Rashba coupling
• Persistent Optical Gating of a Topological Insulator
• Topological states at the (001) surface of SrTiO3
• Electron correlation and magnetism at the LaAlO${}_3$/SrTiO${}_3$ interface: A DFT+DMFT investigation
• Fractionally delta-doped oxide superlattices for higher carrier mobilities
• Quantum confinement in perovskite oxide heterostructures: tight binding instead of nearly free electron picture
• Transition from reconstruction towards thin film on the (110) surface of strontium titanate
• Nature of Orbital and Spin Rashba Coupling in the Surface Bands of SrTiO3 and KTaO3
• Absence of Giant Spin Splitting in the Two-Dimensional Electron Liquid at the Surface of SrTiO${}_3$ (001)
• Origin of the anomalous mass renormalization in metallic quantum well states of correlated oxide SrVO${}_3$
• Oxygen vacancies in strained SrTiO${}_3$ thin films: formation enthalpy and manipulation
• Strain-induced Defect Superstructure on the SrTiO3(110) Surface
• Common Origin of the Circular-dichroism Pattern in ARPES of SrTiO3 and CuxBi2Se3
• Magnetic-field induced resistivity minimum with in-plane linear magnetoresistance of the Fermi liquid in SrTiO3-x single crystals
• Incipient ferroelectricity: A route towards bulk-terminated SrTiO3
• Enhanced two dimensional electron gas charge densities at III-III/I-V oxide heterostructure interfaces
• Atomically precise lateral modulation of a two-dimensional electron liquid in anatase TiO2 thin films
• Exchange interactions of CaMnO3 in the bulk and at the surface
• Temperature-dependent dielectric function of bulk SrTiO${}_3$: Urbach tail, band edges, and excitonic effects
• Selective control of localised vs. delocalised carriers in anatase TiO2 through reaction with O2
• Two-dimensional electron system at the magnetically tunable EuO/SrTiO${}_3$ interface
• Electron dichotomy on the SrTiO${}_3$ defect surface augmented by many-body effects
• Electron degeneracy and intrinsic magnetic properties of epitaxial Nb:SrTiO${}_3$ thin-films controlled by defects
• Shape Resonances in superconducting gaps in a 2DEG at oxide-oxide interface
• Polarity-dependent charge-density wave in a kagome superconductor CsV3Sb5
• Accessing the spectral function of in operando devices by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
• Phonon-Dressed Two-Dimensional Carriers on the ZnO Surface
• Magnetic quantum phase transition in Cr-doped Bi2(SexTe1-x)3 driven by the Stark effect
• Does a pristine, unreconstructed SrTiO${}_3$(001) surface exist?
• Mechanical dissipation from charge and spin transitions in oxygen deficient SrTiO_3
• Magnetotransport effects in polar versus non-polar SrTiO3 based heterostructures
• Quantum electron liquid and its possible phase transition
• Observation of a two-dimensional electron gas at CaTiO${}_3$ film surfaces
• Quasiparticle interference on cubic perovskite oxide surfaces
• Spin-texture induced by oxygen vacancies in Strontium perovskites (001) surfaces: A theoretical comparison between SrTiO3 and SrHfO3
• Oxygen Vacancies on SrO-terminated SrTiO3(001) Surfaces studied by Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy
• Spin galvanic effect at the conducting SrTiO3 surfaces
• Universal Structural Influence on the 2D Electron Gas at SrTiO${}_3$ Surfaces
• Origin of interfacial conductivity at complex oxide heterointerfaces: possibility of electron transfer from water chemistry at surface oxygen vacancies
• Thickness Dependent Carrier Density at the Surface of SrTiO3 (111) Slabs
• Temperature-Dependent Electron-Electron Interaction in Graphene on SrTiO3
• Microscopic understanding of the orbital splitting and its tuning at oxide interfaces
• Evolution of the SrTiO${}_3$ surface electronic state as a function of LaAlO${}_3$ overlayer thickness
• Controlling the magnetism of oxygen surface vacancies in strontium titanate $(\mathrm{SrTi}{\mathrm{O}}_3)$ through charging
• Interface exchange processes in LaAlO${}_3$/SrTiO${}_3$ induced by oxygen vacancies
• Symmetry breaking at the (111) interfaces of SrTiO${}_3$ hosting a 2D-electron system
• Anomalous mass enhancement in strongly-correlated quantum wells
• High-density two-dimensional electron system induced by oxygen vacancies in ZnO
• Polarization sensitive surface band structure of doped BaTiO3(001)
• Band Gap Modulation of SrTiO3 upon CO2 Adsorption
• Intrinsic paramagnetism and aggregation of manganese dopants in SrTiO${}_3$
• Formation and observation of a quasi-two-dimensional $d_{xy}$ electron liquid in epitaxially stabilized Sr${}_{2-x}$La${}_x$TiO${}_4$ thin films
• Oxygen vacancies and hydrogen doping in LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures: electronic properties and impact on surface and interface reconstruction
• 2D surprises at the surface of 3D materials: confined electron systems in transition metal oxides
• Tunable two-dimensional electron gas at the surface of thermoelectric material In${}_4$Se${}_3$
• Dichotomy of the Photo Induced 2-Dimensional Electron Gas on SrTiO${}_3$ Surface Terminations
• Defect-induced photoluminescence of strontium titanate and its modulation by electrostatic gating
• Ultrafast generation and decay of a surface metal
• Two-dimensional electron systems in ATiO3 perovskites (A = Ca, Ba, Sr): control of orbital hybridization and order
• Strongly enhanced Rashba splittings in oxide heterostructure: a tantalite monolayer on BaHfO${}_3$
• Anisotropic Electronic Structure of the Two-Dimensional Electron Gas at the AlOx/KTaO3(110) interface
• ARPES insights on the metallic states of YbB6(001): E(k) dispersion, temporal changes and spatial variation
• Suppression of Surfaces States at Cubic Perovskite (001) Surfaces by CO${}_2$ Adsorption
• A chemical imaging and Nano-ARPES study of well-ordered thermally reduced SrTiO3(100)
• Dislocation Majorana zero modes in perovskite oxide 2DEG
• Artificial Atoms Based on Correlated Materials
• Excitations in a spin-polarized tow-dimensional electron gas
• Tunable two-dimensional electron system at the (110) surface of SnO${}_2$
• Infrared ellipsometry study of the photo-generated charge carriers at the (001) and (110) surfaces of SrTiO${}_3$ crystals and the interface of corresponding LaAlO${}_3$/SrTiO${}_3$ heterostructures
• Ionic modulation at the LaAlO${}_3$/KTaO${}_3$ interface for extreme high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas
• Point defects at cleaved Sr${}_{n+1}$Ru${}_n$O${}_{3n+1}$(001) surfaces
• Magic Doping and Robust Superconductivity in Monolayer FeSe on Titanates
• Controlling the electronic interface properties of AlO${}_x$/SrTiO${}_3$ heterostructures
• Observation of Wannier-Stark localization at the surface of BaTiO${}_3$ films by photoemission
• Quantum interference effects of out-of-plane confinement on two-dimensional electron systems in oxides
• Electronic structure of SrTi${}_{1-x}$V${}_x$O${}_3$ films studied by $insitu$ photoemission spectroscopy: Screening for a transparent electrode material
• Controlled formation of high-mobility shallow electron gases in SrTiO3 single crystal
• Nearly-free-electron system of monolayer Na on the surface of single-crystal HfSe${}_2$
• Depth-Resolved Composition and Electronic Structure of Buried Layers and Interfaces in a LaNiO${}_3$/SrTiO${}_3$ Superlattice from Soft- and Hard- X-ray Standing-Wave Angle-Resolved Photoemission
• Direct visualization and control of SrOx segregation on semiconducting Nb doped SrTiO3 (100) surface
• Effect of a skin-deep surface zone on formation of two-dimensional electron gas at a semiconductor surface
• Single spin-polarised Fermi surface in SrTiO${}_3$ thin films
• Temperature-Dependent Band Structure of SrTiO${}_3$ Interfaces
• Giant Rashba spin splitting in strained KTaO3 ultrathin films for circular photogalvanic currents
• Quantum well states in fractured crystals of the heavy fermion material CeCoIn${}_5$
• On the Origin of the Two-Dimensional Electron Gas at the CdO (100) Surface
• Strain-driven sign interchange of surface two-dimensional electron and hole gases in KTaO3 thin film
• Two-dimensional electron gas at the LaAlO${}_3$/SrTiO${}_3$ inteface with a potential barrier
• $d_{xz/yz}$ Orbital Subband Structures and Chiral Orbital Angular Momentum in the (001) Surface States of SrTiO${}_3$
• Artificial quantum confinement in LAO3/STO heterostructure
• Electronic Reconstruction Enhanced Tunneling Conductance at Terrace Edges of Ultrathin Oxide Films
• Tunable Coupling of Two-Dimensional Superconductors in Bilayer SrTiO3 Heterostructures
• Gate voltage control of the $Al{O}_x$/$SrTi{O}_3$ interface electrical properties
• Structure and ferromagnetic instability of the oxygen-deficient SrTiO${}_3$ surface
• Soft x-ray irradiation induced metallization of layered TiNCl
• Interface suppressed nematicity and enhanced superconductivity of FeSe/NdFeO3 in the low doping regime
• Charge instabilities of the two-dimensional Hubbard model with attractive nearest neighbour interaction
• Hard x-ray angle-resolved photoemission from a buried high-mobility electron system
• Surface region band enhancement in noble gas adsorption assisted ARPES on kagome superconductor RbV3Sb5
• A Laser-ARPES View of the 2D Electron Systems at LaAlO3/SrTiO3 and Al/SrTiO3 Interfaces
• Hard X-ray photoemission spectroscopy of LaVO${}_3$/SrTiO${}_3$: Band alignment and electronic reconstruction
• Controlling crystal cleavage in Focused Ion Beam shaped specimens for surface spectroscopy
• Unconventional quantum oscillations and evidence of nonparabolic electronic states in quasi-two-dimensional electron system at complex oxide interfaces
• Modulation doping of the FeSe monolayer on SrTiO${}_3$
• BinPo: An open-source code to compute the band structure of two-dimensional electron systems
• Enhanced tunability of two-dimensional electron gas on SrTiO3 through heterostructuring
• In situ investigation of conducting interface formation in LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructure
• Study and characterization of SrTiO3 surface
• Dynamic defect correlations dominate activated electronic transport in SrTiO3
• Duality and degeneracy lifting in two-dimensional electron liquids on SrTiO${}_3$(001)
• Current-induced nonuniform enhancement of sheet resistance in Ar+ irradiated SrTiO3
• Current-induced spin polarisation in Rashba-Dresselhaus systems under different point groups
• Oxide Heterostructures from a Realistic Many-Body Perspective
• Equally Spaced Quantum States in van der Waals Epitaxy-Grown Nanoislands
• Orbital-resolved anisotropic electron pockets in electron-doped SrTiO3 observed by ARPES
• Vertical quantum confinement in bulk MoS${}_2$
• Density driven fluctuations in a two-dimensional superconductor
• Sign-changing non-monotonic voltage gain of HfO2/Parylene-C/SrTiO3 field-effect transistor due to percolative insulator to two-dimensional metal transition
• Magnetic transition and spin-polarized two-dimensional electron gas controlled by polarization switching in strained CaMnO${}_3$/BaTiO${}_3$ slabs
• Three-dimensionality of mobile electrons at X-ray-irradiated LaAlO${}_3$/SrTiO${}_3$ interfaces
• KTaO3(001) Preparation Methods in Vacuum: Effects on Surface Stoichiometry, Crystallography, and in-gap States
• Plasmonic polaron in self-intercalated 1T-TiS2
• Many-body Green's function approaches to the doped Fröhlich solid: Exact solutions and anomalous mass enhancement
• Controlling Spin-Mixing Conductance in KTaO${}_3$ 2DEGs by Varying Argon-Ion Irradiation Time
• A two-dimensional electron gas at the (001) surface of ferromagnetic EuTiO${}_3$(001)
• Probe position determination with multichannel I-V measurements in a two-dimensional sheet$:$ Computational method and mathematical analysis