Dipolar collisions of polar molecules in the quantum regime

Abstract

Ultracold polar molecules offer the possibility of exploring quantum gases with interparticle interactions that are strong, long-range, and spatially anisotropic. This is in stark contrast to the dilute gases of ultracold atoms, which have isotropic and extremely short-range, or "contact", interactions. The large electric dipole moment of polar molecules can be tuned with an external electric field; this provides unique opportunities such as control of ultracold chemical reactions, quantum information processing, and the realization of novel quantum many-body systems. In spite of intense experimental efforts aimed at observing the influence of dipoles on ultracold molecules, only recently have sufficiently high densities been achieved. Here, we report the observation of dipolar collisions in an ultracold molecular gas prepared close to quantum degeneracy. For modest values of an applied electric field, we observe a dramatic increase in the loss rate of fermionic KRb molecules due to ultrcold chemical reactions. We find that the loss rate has a steep power-law dependence on the induced electric dipole moment, and we show that this dependence can be understood with a relatively simple model based on quantum threshold laws for scattering of fermionic polar molecules. We directly observe the spatial anisotropy of the dipolar interaction as manifested in measurements of the thermodynamics of the dipolar gas. These results demonstrate how the long-range dipolar interaction can be used for electric-field control of chemical reaction rates in an ultracold polar molecule gas. The large loss rates in an applied electric field suggest that creating a long-lived ensemble of ultracold polar molecules may require confinement in a two-dimensional trap geometry to suppress the influence of the attractive dipolar interactions.

References in corpus (13)

• A High Phase-Space-Density Gas of Polar Molecules
• Quantum-State Controlled Chemical Reactions of Ultracold KRb Molecules
• Strongly correlated 2D quantum phases with cold polar molecules: controlling the shape of the interaction potential
• Observation of dipole-dipole interaction in a degenerate quantum gas
• Schemes for robust quantum computation with polar molecules
• Three-body recombination at large scattering lengths in an ultracold atomic gas
• Spontaneously modulated spin textures in a dipolar spinor Bose-Einstein condensate
• Cold polar molecules in 2D traps: Tailoring interactions with external fields for novel quantum phases
• Stable Topological Superfluid Phase of Ultracold Polar Fermionic Molecules
• Quantum fluids of self-assembled chains of polar molecules
• Repulsive shield between polar molecules
• Strong dependence of ultracold chemical rates on electric dipole moments
• Dispersion interactions and reactive collisions of ultracold polar molecules

Cited by in corpus (375)

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• Creation of an ultracold gas of ground-state ${}^{23}{\mathrm{Na}}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ molecules
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• New frontiers with quantum gases of polar molecules
• Building one molecule from a reservoir of two atoms
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• Evaporative cooling of the dipolar radical OH
• Light-assisted ion-neutral reactive processes in the cold regime: radiative molecule formation vs. charge exchange
• Roadmap on STIRAP applications
• Suppressing the loss of ultracold molecules via the continuous quantum Zeno effect
• Confined Quasiparticle Dynamics in Long-Range Interacting Quantum Spin Chains
• Millikelvin Reactive Collisions between Sympathetically-Cooled Molecular Ions and Laser-Cooled Atoms in an Ion-Atom Hybrid Trap
• Direct probe of anisotropy in atom-molecule collisions via quantum scattering resonances
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• Far from equilibrium quantum magnetism with ultracold polar molecules
• Loss of ultracold RbCs molecules via optical excitation of long-lived two-body collision complexes
• Quantum state manipulation and cooling of ultracold molecules
• Tuning of dipolar interactions and evaporative cooling in a three-dimensional molecular quantum gas
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• Bimolecular chemistry in the ultracold regime
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• Ultracold Dipolar Molecules Composed of Strongly Magnetic Atoms
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• A double species ${}^{23}$Na and ${}^{87}$Rb Bose-Einstein condensate with tunable miscibility via an interspecies Feshbach resonance
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• Universal ultracold collision rates for polar molecules of two alkali-metal atoms
• Collisions of ultracold molecules in bright and dark optical dipole traps
• Two-dimensional scattering and bound states of polar molecules in bilayers
• Universal model for exoergic bimolecular reactions and inelastic processes
• State-to-state control of ultracold molecular reactions
• Synthetic dimensions in ultracold molecules: quantum strings and membranes
• The Prediction of a Gapless Topological "Haldane Liquid" Phase in a One-Dimensional Cold Polar Molecular Lattice
• Collisionally Stable Gas of Bosonic Dipolar Ground State Molecules
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• 1D Quantum Liquids with Power-Law Interactions: a Luttinger Staircase with Polar Molecules
• Collisions between cold molecules in a superconducting magnetic trap
• Molecular spectroscopy for ground-state transfer of ultracold RbCs molecules
• Dynamics of ultracold molecules in confined geometry and electric field
• Extending rotational coherence of interacting polar molecules in a spin-decoupled magic trap
• Controlling a quantum gas of polar molecules in an optical lattice
• Large Effects of Electric Fields on Atom-Molecule Collisions at Millikelvin Temperatures
• Direct absorption imaging of ultracold polar molecules
• Electric field suppression of ultracold confined chemical rates
• Magnetic Trapping of Molecules via Optical Loading and Magnetic Slowing
• Shielding ${}^2\Sigma$ ultracold dipolar molecular collisions with electric fields
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• Density instabilities in a two-dimensional dipolar Fermi gas
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• Microwave shielding of bosonic NaRb molecules
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• Field-linked resonances of polar molecules
• Few-body bound states in dipolar gases and their detection
• Collective modes, stability and superfluid transition of a quasi-two-dimensional dipolar Fermi gas
• Formation of Ultracold NaRb Feshbach Molecules
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• Observation of Feshbach resonances between ultracold Na and Rb atoms
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• Low-energy inelastic collisions of OH radicals with He atoms and D${}_2$ molecules
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• Structure of the Alkali-metal-atom-Strontium molecular ions: towards photoassociation and formation of cold molecular ions
• Ultracold spin-polarized mixtures of 2Sigma molecules with S-state atoms: Collisional stability and implications for sympathetic cooling
• Hyperfine structure of alkali-metal diatomic molecules
• Ultracold Heteronuclear Mixture of Ground and Excited State Atoms
• Reactions Between Layer-Resolved Molecules Mediated by Dipolar Exchange
• The Efimov effect for three interacting bosonic dipoles
• Hydrodynamics of cold atomic gases in the limit of weak nonlinearity, dispersion and dissipation
• Dynamical generation of spin squeezing in ultra-cold dipolar molecules
• Optical shielding of destructive chemical reactions between ultracold ground-state NaRb molecules
• The Hyperfine Molecular Hubbard Hamiltonian
• Cold collision and high-resolution spectroscopy of buffer gas cooled BaF Molecule
• Collective excitation frequencies and stationary states of trapped dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates in the Thomas-Fermi regime
• Homogeneous and inhomogeneous magnetic phases of constrained dipolar bosons
• Spontaneous Crystallization And Filamentation Of Solitons In Dipolar Condensates
• High-resolution Internal State Control of Ultracold ${}^{23}$Na${}^{87}$Rb Molecules
• Tuning bimolecular chemical reactions by electric fields
• Quantum state resolved molecular dipolar collisions over four decades of energy
• Dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate in a ring or in a shell
• Ion-molecule reactions below 1~K: Observation of a strong enhancement of the reaction rate of the ion-dipole reaction He${}^{+}$+ CH${}_3$F
• AC Stark Effect in Ultracold Polar RbCs Molecules
• Harmonically confined particles with long-range repulsive interactions
• A Simple, Versatile Laser System for the Creation of Ultracold Ground State Molecules
• Correlations of strongly interacting ultracold dipolar bosons in optical lattices
• Fermionic suppression of dipolar relaxation: Observation of universal inelastic dipolar scattering
• Density Waves in Layered Systems with Fermionic Polar Molecules
• Unified model of ultracold molecular collisions
• Correlation effects and collective excitations in bosonic bilayers: role of quantum statistics, superfluidity and dimerization transition
• Faraday patterns in coupled one-dimensional dipolar condensates
• Theory of long-range ultracold atom-molecule photoassociation
• Novel Fermi Liquid of 2D Polar Molecules
• Universal three-body physics for fermionic dipoles
• Density ordering instabilities of quasi-two-dimensional fermionic polar molecules in single-layer and multi-layer configurations: exact treatment of exchange interactions
• Diatomic molecules of alkali-metal and alkaline-earth-metal atoms: interaction potentials, dipole moments, and polarizabilities
• Complete quantum coherent control of ultracold molecular collisions
• Microscopic description of anisotropic low-density dipolar Bose gases in two dimensions
• Supersolid Phase of Cold Fermionic Polar Molecules in 2D Optical Lattices
• Atom-molecule collisions, spin relaxation, and sympathetic cooling in an ultracold spin-polarized Rb(${}^2\mathrm{S}$)-SrF${(}^2{\Sigma }^{+})$ mixture
• Miscibility in coupled dipolar and non-dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates
• Formation and dynamics of van der Waals molecules in buffer-gas traps
• Statistical product distributions for ultracold reactions in external fields
• Seconds-scale coherence on nuclear spin transitions of ultracold polar molecules in 3D optical lattices
• Supersolid phases of dipolar bosons in optical lattices with a staggered flux
• Energetics and control of ultracold isotope-exchange reactions between heteronuclear dimers in external fields
• Observation of generalized t-J spin dynamics with tunable dipolar interactions
• Product state control of bi-alkali chemical reactions
• Quantum droplets of quasi-one-dimensional dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates
• Few-Body Bound Complexes in One-dimensional Dipolar Gases and Non-Destructive Optical Detection
• Dipolar Fermi gases in anisotropic traps
• Bound Dimers in Bilayers of Cold Polar Molecules
• Dynamical hadron formation in long-range interacting quantum spin chains
• Density wave instabilities of tilted fermionic dipoles in a multilayer geometry
• Ab initio properties of the NaLi molecule in the $a^3{\Sigma }^{+}$ electronic state
• Direct Simulation Monte Carlo method for cold atom dynamics: classical Boltzmann equation in the quantum collision regime
• Three body recombination of ultracold dipoles to weakly bound dimers
• Transition state trajectory stability determines barrier crossing rates in chemical reactions induced by time-dependent oscillating fields
• Efficient method for quantum calculations of molecule - molecule scattering properties in a magnetic field
• Novel $p$-wave superfluids of fermionic polar molecules
• Reaction kinetics of ultracold molecule-molecule collisions
• Spectroscopy on the $A^1\Pi \leftarrow X^1{\Sigma }^{+}$ Transition of Buffer-Gas Cooled AlCl
• Compressibility, zero sound, and effective mass of a fermionic dipolar gas at finite temperature
• Bound states of Dipolar Bosons in One-dimensional Systems
• Few-body bound state stability of dipolar molecules in two dimensions
• Complexes of dipolar excitons in layered quasi-two-dimensional nanostructures
• Spontaneous time-reversal symmetry breaking in the boundary Majorana flat bands
• Thermodynamics and coherence of a trapped dipolar Fermi gas
• Two-dimensional Bose gas of tilted dipoles: roton instability and condensate depletion
• Doppler cooling with coherent trains of laser pulses and tunable "velocity comb"
• Self-bound Doubly-Dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates
• Production of ultracold ground state LiRb molecules by photoassociation through a resonantly coupled state
• Magnetically tunable Feshbach resonances in Li+Er
• Quantum phases of 1D Hubbard models with three- and four-body couplings
• Steering ultracold reactions through long-lived transient intermediates
• Evaporative cooling of reactive polar molecules confined in a two-dimensional geometry
• Quantum defect model of a reactive collision at finite temperature
• Mesoscopic supersolid of dipoles in a trap
• Strings of ultracold molecules in a synthetic dimension
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• Collective excitations of quasi-two-dimensional trapped dipolar fermions: transition from collisionless to hydrodynamic regime
• Universal probability distributions of scattering observables in ultracold molecular collisions
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• Superfluidity of flexible chains of polar molecules
• Molecular Collisions: from Near-cold to Ultra-cold
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• Resonant and first-order dipolar interactions between ultracold molecules in static and microwave electric fields
• Liquid crystal phases of two-dimensional dipolar gases and Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless melting
• Thomas-Fermi von Weizsäcker theory for a harmonically trapped, two-dimensional, spin-polarized dipolar Fermi gas
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• Collisional losses of ultracold molecules due to intermediate complex formation
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• Layers of Cold Dipolar Molecules in the Harmonic Approximation
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• Ultracold molecular collisions in combined electric and magnetic fields
• Bose-Einstein Condensation and Many-Body Localization of Rotational Excitations of Polar Molecules
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• Fixed-node diffusion Monte Carlo study of the BCS-BEC crossover in a bilayer system of fermionic dipoles
• Reactive collisions in confined geometries
• Properties of the density-wave phase of a two-dimensional dipolar Fermi gas
• Formation of ultracold ${}^7$Li${}^{85}$Rb molecules in the lowest triplet electronic state by photoassociation and their detection by ionization spectroscopy
• Probing ultracold chemistry using ion spectrometry
• Microwave state transfer and adiabatic dynamics of magnetically trapped polar molecules
• Hyperfine, rotational and Zeeman structure of the lowest vibrational levels of the ${}^{87}$Rb${}_2$ $\tripletex$ state
• Polar molecule reactive collisions in quasi-1D systems
• Formation of ultracold LiRb molecules by photoassociation near the Li (2s 2S1/2) + Rb (5p 2P1/2) asymptote
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• Shaping interactions between polar molecules with far-off-resonant light
• Stability and excitations of a bilayer of strongly correlated dipolar Bosons
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• Total angular momentum representation for atom-molecule collisions in electric fields
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• Controlling the dynamics of ultracold polar molecules in optical tweezers
• Coherent control of reactive scattering at low temperatures: Signatures of quantum interference in the differential cross sections for F + H2 and F + HD
• Supersolidity of a dipolar Fermi gas in a cubic optical lattice
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• Vortices in the two-dimensional dipolar Bose gas
• Theory for electric dipole superconductivity with an application for bilayer excitons
• Dimers, Effective Interactions, and Pauli Blocking Effects in a Bilayer of Cold Fermionic Polar Molecules
• Spectroscopy of dipolar fermions in 2D pancakes and 3D lattices
• Engineering excited-state interactions at ultracold temperatures
• Spontaneous time-reversal symmetry breaking for spinless fermions on a triangular lattice
• Field-induced long-lived supermolecules
• Coexistence of density wave and superfluid order in a dipolar Fermi gas
• Signatures of Non-universal Quantum Dynamics of Ultracold Chemical Reactions of Polar Alkali-dimer Molecules with Alkali-metal Atoms: Li(${}^2$S) +NaLi($a^3{\Sigma }^{+}$) $\to$ Na(${}^2$S) + Li${}_2$($a^3{\Sigma }_u^{+}$)
• Resonant control of polar molecules in an optical lattice
• Short-range Photoassociation of LiRb
• Lattice model parameters for ultracold nonreactive molecules: chaotic scattering and its limitations
• Exploring spin-orbital models with dipolar fermions in zig-zag optical lattices
• Geometric Stability Spectra of Dipolar Bose Gases in Tunable Optical Lattices
• Classical approach to collision complexes in ultracold chemical reactions
• Correlation energy of a homogeneous dipolar Fermi gas
• Interaction-driven Lifshitz transition with dipolar fermions in optical lattices
• Dipolar Drag in Bilayer Harmonically Trapped Gases
• Zero sound in a two-dimensional dipolar Fermi gas
• Full-dimensional quantum scattering calculations on ultracold atom-molecule collisions in magnetic fields: The role of molecular vibrations
• Two-dimensional Mixture of Dipolar Fermions: Equation of State and Magnetic Phases
• Effective dipole-dipole interactions in multilayered dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates
• Tuneable defect interactions and supersolidity in dipolar quantum gases on a lattice potential
• Low-energy collisions between carbon atoms and oxygen molecules in a magnetic trap
• Thermometry of Guided Molecular Beams from a Cryogenic Buffer-Gas Cell
• Interactions of benzene, naphthalene, and azulene with alkali-metal and alkaline-earth-metal atoms for ultracold studies
• Physical dipoles and second order perturbation theory for dipolar fermions in two dimensions
• Theoretical description of mixed-field orientation of asymmetric top molecules: a time-dependent study
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• Enhancing reactivity of SiO${}^{+}$ ions by controlled excitation to extreme rotational states
• Characterizing the phase diagram of finite-size dipolar Bose-Hubbard systems
• Few-body physics of ultracold atoms and molecules with long-range interactions
• A Dielectric Superfluid of Polar Molecules
• Non-local state-swapping of polar molecules in bilayers
• Non-destructive detection of ions using atom-cavity collective strong coupling
• Ground state properties and excitation spectrum of a two dimensional gas of bosonic dipoles
• Unconventional symmetries of Fermi liquid and Cooper pairing properties with electric and magnetic dipolar fermions
• Control of Ultracold Photodissociation with Magnetic Fields
• Interaction between polar molecules subject to a far-off-resonant optical field: Entangled dipoles up- or down-holding each other
• Solid phases and pairing in a mixture of polar molecules and atoms
• Electric field dependence of complex-dominated ultracold molecular collisions
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• Hyperfine structure of the ${\mathbf{A}}^1\mathbf{\Pi }$ state of AlCl and its relevance to laser cooling and trapping
• Exchange interactions in the Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation for the stability analysis of itinerant ferromagnetism
• $C_6$ coefficients for interacting Rydberg atoms and alkali-metal dimers
• A Model for Scattering with Proliferating Resonances: Many Coupled Square Wells
• Magnetic Feshbach resonances in collisions of non-magnetic closed-shell ${}^1\Sigma$ molecules
• Effect of short-range interaction for collision of ultracold dipoles
• The $d{}^3\Pi$ state of LiRb
• Interplay of interlayer pairing and many-body screening in a bilayer of dipolar fermions
• Pseudopotentials for an ultracold dipolar gas
• The $C{}^1{\Sigma }^{+}$, $A{}^1{\Sigma }^{+}$, and $b{}^3{\Pi }_{0^{+}}$ states of LiRb
• Heat transfer through dipolar coupling: Sympathetic cooling without contact
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• Controlling ultracold $p$-wave collisions with non-resonant light: Predictions of an asymptotic model for the generalized scattering volume
• Macroscopic amplification of electroweak effects in molecular Bose-Einstein condensates
• Reactive collisions of two ultracold particles in a harmonic trap
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• Engineering long-range interactions between ultracold atoms with light
• Ultracold collisions of molecules
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• Dissipative Superfluidity in a Molecular Bose-Einstein Condensate
• Effective potential and scattering length of shielding polar molecules
• The Li + CaF $\to$ Ca + LiF chemical reaction under cold conditions
• Ultracold and dense samples of ground-state molecules in lattice potentials
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• Macroscopic Particle Transport in Dissipative Long-Range Bosonic Systems
• Leggett mode in a two-component Fermi gas with dipolar interactions
• Itinerant ferromagnetism of a dipolar Fermi gas with Raman-induced spin-orbit coupling
• Universal stereodynamics of cold atom-molecule collisions in electric fields
• Product-state distribution after isotopic substitution in ultracold atom-molecule collisions
• Fate of thermalization of ultracold fermions with two-body dissipation
• Molecule-molecule and atom-molecule collisions with ultracold RbCs molecules
• Nonlinear dynamics and energy transfer for two rotating dipoles in an external field: A three-dimensional analysis
• Aspects of arbitrarily oriented dipoles scattering in plane: short-range interaction influence
• Quantum reactive scattering in the long-range ion-dipole potential
• The effect of anisotropic exchange interactions and short-range phenomena on superfluidity in a homogeneous dipolar Fermi gas
• Lifshitz transition in the phase diagram of two-leg $t$-$J$ ladder systems at low filling
• Tunable high-temperature thermodynamics of weakly-interacting dipolar gases
• Low Duty Cycle Pulsed UV Technique for Spectroscopy of Aluminum Monochloride
• Symmetry and Self-Bound Droplets in Dipolar Molecular Gases
• Optically trapped Feshbach molecules of fermionic ${}^{161}$Dy and ${}^{40}$K: Role of light-induced and collisional losses
• Narrowline Laser Cooling and Spectroscopy of Molecules via Stark States
• Suppression of the horizon effect in pairing correlation functions of $t$-$J$ chains after a quantum quench
• Scalable platform for qudit-based quantum computing using polar molecules
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• Model for two-body collisions between ultracold dipolar molecules around a Förster resonance in an electric field
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• Stabilizing confined quasiparticle dynamics in one-dimensional polar lattice gases
• Optimizing Pulsed-Laser Ablation Production of AlCl Molecules for Laser Cooling
• Trapping polar molecules by surface acoustic waves
• Automated Graph-Based Detection of Quantum Control Schemes: Application to Molecular Laser Cooling
• Metastable ferromagnetic clusters in dissipative many-body systems of polar molecules
• Thermal liquid-gas phase transition in a quasi-one-dimensional dipolar Fermi gas
• Higher-order topological quantum paramagnets
• Asymptotic behavior of correlation functions of one-dimensional polar-molecules on optical lattices