Proton stability in grand unified theories, in strings, and in branes

Abstract

A broad overview of the current status of proton stability in unified models of particle interactions is given which includes non - supersymmetric unification, SUSY and SUGRA unified models, unification based on extra dimensions, and string-M-theory models. The extra dimensional unification includes 5D and 6D and universal extra dimensional (UED) models, and models based on warped geometry. Proton stability in a wide array of string theory and M theory models is reviewed. These include Calabi-Yau models, grand unified models with Kac-Moody levels $k>1$, a new class of heterotic string models, models based on intersecting D branes, and string landscape models. The destabilizing effect of quantum gravity on the proton is discussed. The possibility of testing grand unified models, models based on extra dimensions and string-M-theory models via their distinctive modes is investigated. The proposed next generation proton decay experiments, HyperK, UNO, MEMPHYS, ICARUS, LANNDD (DUSEL), and LENA would shed significant light on the nature of unification complementary to the physics at the LHC. Mathematical tools for the computation of proton lifetime are given in the appendices. Prospects for the future are discussed.

Published in Physics Reports. 258 pages, 11 figures

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• Spontaneous R-Parity Violation, $A_4$ Flavor Symmetry and Tribimaximal Mixing
• Proton lifetime in the minimal SO(10) GUT and its implications for the LHC
• Standard Coupling Unification in SO(10), Hybrid Seesaw Neutrino Mass and Leptogenesis, Dark Matter, and Proton Lifetime Predictions
• SU(5) Unification without Proton Decay
• Unification scale vs. electroweak-triplet mass in the SU(5) + 24_F model at three loops
• Nucleon decay in the R-parity violating MSSM
• Neutrino mass models: New classification and model-independent upper limits on their scale
• Grand unification through gravitational effects
• Determining Heavy Mass Parameters in Supersymmetric SO(10) Models
• Implications of Gravitational Waves for Supersymmetric Grand Unification
• Viable quark-lepton Yukawa ratios and nucleon decay predictions in $SU(5)$ GUTs with type-II seesaw
• Proton decay and new contribution to neutrino-less double beta decay in SO(10) with low-mass Z-prime boson, observable n-nbar oscillation, lepton flavor violation, and rare kaon decay
• Threshold effects in SO(10) models with one intermediate breaking scale
• Proton Stability and Light $Z^{\prime }$ Inspired by String Derived Models
• A Parameter Space Exploration of the Minimal SU(5) Unification
• Radiative neutrino masses and successful $SU(5)$ unification
• $\mathbf{SO}(10)\times {\mathbf{S}}_4$ Grand Unified Theory of Flavour and Leptogenesis
• Minimal Radiative Neutrino Masses
• TeV-Scale strings
• Inverted Sparticle Hierarchies from Natural Particle Hierarchies
• Seesaw Scale, Unification, and Proton Decay
• Weak Mixing Angle and Proton Stability in F-theory GUT
• Proton Stability: From the Standard Model to Beyond Grand Unification
• Lepton Flavour Violation in minimal grand-unified type II seesaw models
• B and L at the SUSY Scale, Dark Matter and R-parity Violation
• The LSP Stability and New Higgs Signals at the LHC
• Extracting CKM $\gamma$ phase from $B^{\pm }\to K^{\pm }{\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-}$ and $B^0$, ${\bar{B}}^0\to K_s{\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-}$
• Neutrino Masses in Split Supersymmetry
• Tri-unification: a separate $SU(5)$ for each fermion family
• Proton decay
• Nucleon decay in a minimal non-SUSY GUT with predicted quark-lepton Yukawa ratios
• Realizing unification in two different SO(10) models with one intermediate breaking scale
• Precision Gauge Unification from Extra Yukawa Couplings
• Leptonic $CP$ Violation and Proton Decay in SUSY SO(10)
• Magnon Bose-Einstein condensates: from time crystals and quantum chromodynamics to vortex sensing and cosmology
• SMART U(1)${}_X$ $-$ Standard Model with Axion, Right handed neutrinos, Two Higgs doublets and U(1)${}_X$ gauge symmetry
• Precision Unification and Proton Decay in F-Theory GUTs with High Scale Supersymmetry
• Triplet Leptogenesis, Type-II Seesaw Dominance, Intrinsic Dark Matter, Vacuum Stability and Proton Decay in Minimal SO(10) Breakings
• Supergravity Models with 50-100 TeV Scalars, SUSY Discovery at the LHC and Gravitino Decay Constraints
• Non-supersymmetric SO(10) models with Gauge and Yukawa coupling unification
• Unification and Local Baryon Number
• The minimal adjoint-SU(5)xZ_4 GUT model
• Unparticle Physics And Gauge Coupling Unification
• Flavour Structure of GUTs and Uncertainties in Proton Lifetime Estimates
• Fermionic triplet dark matter in an $SO(10)$-inspired left right model
• Fully Testable Axion Dark Matter within a Minimal $SU(5)$ GUT
• SU(5)xSU(5) unification revisited
• Quantum nature of the minimal potentially realistic $\mathrm{SO}(10)$ Higgs model
• An Analysis of B-L=-2 Operators from Matter-Higgs Interactions in a Class of Supersymmetric SO(10) Models
• F-theory inspired GUTs with extra charged matter
• $\Delta L\ge 4$ processes
• Decays of a bino-like particle in the low-mass regime
• Dark Matter in $E_6$ Grand Unification
• Matter Parity Violating Dark Matter Decay in Minimal SO(10), Unification, Vacuum Stability and Verifiable Proton Decay
• On Lepton and Baryon Numbers as Local Gauge Symmetries
• Superheavy Metastable Strings in SO(10)
• Quintessence, inflation and baryogenesis from a single pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson
• Compressed and Split Spectra in Minimal SUSY SO(10)
• Gauge Mediated SUSY Breaking via Seesaw
• Road map through the desert: unification with vector-like fermions
• Anatomy of scalar mediated proton decays in $SO(10)$ models
• Implementation of residual nucleus de-excitations associated with proton decays in ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ based on the GENIE generator and TALYS code
• Instanton-mediated baryon number violation in non-universal gauge extended models
• On 'Light' Fermions and Proton Stability in 'Big Divisor' D3/D7 Swiss Cheese Phenomenology
• Axions, WIMPs, proton decay and observable $r$ in $SO(10)$
• Nonholomorphic $A_4$ modular invariance for fermion masses and mixing in SU(5) GUT
• New Solution for Neutrino Masses and Leptogenesis in Adjoint SU(5)
• $B-L$ violating nucleon decays as a probe of leptoquarks and implications for baryogenesis
• Flavor physics in SU(5) GUT with scalar fields in the 45 representation
• Detectable dimension-6 proton decay in SUSY SO(10) GUT at Hyper-Kamiokande
• A neutrino window to scalar leptoquarks: from low energy to colliders
• $W$ Boson Mass and Grand Unification via the Type-$\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}$ Seesaw-like Mechanism
• Baryon number violation involving tau leptons
• Nearest-Neighbour-Interactions from a minimal discrete flavour symmetry within SU(5) Grand Unification
• Superparticle Signatures: from PAMELA to the LHC
• Precision unification and Higgsino dark matter in GUT scale supersymmetry
• Flavor Physics in SO(10) GUTs with Suppressed Proton decay Due to Gauged Discrete Symmetry
• Corrections to Yukawa couplings from higher dimensional operators in a natural SUSY $\mathsf{SO}(10)$ and HL-LHC implications
• Minimal anomaly-free chiral fermion sets and gauge coupling unification
• Threshold effects on prediction for proton decay in non-supersymmetric $E_6$ GUT with intermediate trinification symmetry
• High Scale Type-II Seesaw, Dominant Double Beta Decay within Cosmological Bound and Verifiable LFV Decays in SU(5)
• The extended BLMSSM with a 125 GeV Higgs boson and dark matter
• Breaking Mirror Twin Color
• Employing nucleon decay as a fingerprint of SUSY GUT models using \texttt{SusyTCProton}
• Two Loop Unification of Non-SUSY SO(10) GUT with TeV Scalars
• Flavor origin of R-parity
• The role of residual symmetries in dark matter stability and the neutrino nature
• Proton decay in flux compactifications
• Low Scale Unification of Gauge Interactions
• Dark matter and Standard Model reheating from conformal GUT inflation
• $\Delta B=2$ neutron decay into antiproton mode $n\to \bar{p}{e}^{+}\nu (\bar{\nu })$
• Nucleon and dinucleon decays to leptonic final states in a left-right symmetric model with large extra dimensions
• Spontaneous R-parity violating type III seesaw
• Virtual Black Holes from Generalized Uncertainty Principle and Proton Decay
• Direct production of SM-singlet scalars at the muon collider
• Baryon Number Violation: From Nuclear Matrix Elements to BSM Physics
• Decay dynamics of $N\to \ell \pi$ and $N\to \ell \gamma$
• Yukawa ratio predictions in non-renormalizable $\mathrm{SO}(10)$ GUT models
• Two Nucleon (B-L)-Conserving Reactions Involving Tau Leptons
• Realistic GUT Yukawa Couplings from a Random Clockwork Model
• Probing Quark-Lepton Unification with Leptoquark and Higgs Decays
• Gauge coupling unification and proton decay via 45 Higgs boson in SU(5) GUT
• Neutrino Mass, Coupling Unification, Verifiable Proton Decay, Vacuum Stability and WIMP Dark Matter in SU(5)
• On the Origin of R-parity Violation in Supersymmetry
• Light-cone sum rules for proton decay
• Revisiting the Scalar Leptoquark ($S_1$) Model with the Updated Leptonic Constraints
• Proton Decay and the Origin of Quark and Lepton Mixing
• Nucleon Decays into Light New Particles in Neutrino Detectors
• A BRST view of the spontaneous symmetry breaking
• High Energy Physics and Cosmology at the Unification Frontier: Opportunities and Challenges in the coming years
• Suppression of proton decay in quantum gravity
• An SU(5)$\otimes$Z_{13} Grand Unification Model
• Unification Predictions With or Without Supersymmetry
• Gauge Origin of M-Parity and the mu-Term in Supersymmetry
• Tests of gluino-driven radiative breaking of the electroweak symmetry at the LHC
• Grand Unified Theory with a Stable Proton
• Canonical Gauge Coupling Unification in the Standard Model with High-Scale Supersymmetry Breaking
• Study of non-minimal SUSY SU(5) model with realistic fermion sectors
• Witten's loop in the minimal flipped $SU(5)$ unification revisited
• Gluino, wino and Higgsino-like particles without supersymmetry
• Road map through the desert with scalars
• Six Higgs Doublets Model for Dark Matter
• A Stronger Case for Superunification Post Higgs Boson Discovery
• Reminiscences of my work with Richard Lewis Arnowitt
• Conditions for Suppressing Dimension-five Proton Decay in Renormalizable SUSY $SO(10)$ GUT
• Effects of Dimension-5 Operators in $E_6$ Grand Unified Theories
• Stabilizing dark matter with quantum scale symmetry
• Semi-leptonic three-body proton decay modes from light-cone sum rules
• Flavour in $SU(5)$ Finite Grand Unified Models
• Deconfined Quantum Criticality among Grand Unified Theories
• The origin of discrete symmetries in F-theory models
• The E6 route to multicomponent dark matter
• Light Cone Sum Rules and Form Factors for $p\to e^{+}\gamma$
• Baryon and Lepton Numbers: Life in the Desert
• Signatures of Supersymmetry in Neutrino Telescopes
• Proton Stability In Supersymmetric SU(5)
• Invisible neutron decay and light BSM particles
• SU(5) unification of two triplet seesaw and leptogenesis with dark matter and vacuum stability
• Further study of the maximally symmetry breaking patterns in an $\mathrm{SU}(8)$ theory
• Impact of standard neutrino oscillations and systematics in proton lifetime measurements
• Flavor Symmetries in an SU(5) Model of Grand Unification
• Theoretical Uncertainties in Proton Lifetime Estimates
• Orbifold Modular GUT of Flavour
• Updated Constraints from Electric Dipole Moments in the MSSM with R-Parity Violation
• Cosmology from Strong Interactions
• Exploring flavour space of an economical SU(5) GUT in future proton decay measurements
• Proton Decay and Gauge Coupling Unification in an Extended SU(5) GUT with 45-Dimensional Higgs
• Quarks to Cosmos: Particles and Plasma in Cosmological evolution
• Particle physics and cosmology intertwined
• Proton Decay Prediction in 5D Gauge-Higgs Unification
• Proton Lifetime in Minimal SUSY SU(5) in Light of LHC Results
• Proton Decay and the Quantum Structure of Spacetime
• Using C++ to Calculate $\mathsf{SO}(10)$ Tensor Couplings
• $SU(5)\times U(1{)}_X$ Axion Model with Observable Proton Decay
• Dark Unification: a UV-complete Theory of Asymmetric Dark Matter
• Unification based on the mysterious cubic-structure grouping of quarks and leptons
• Constraining Scalar Doublet and Triplet Leptoquarks with Vacuum Stability and Perturbativity
• Collective treatment of High Energy Thresholds in SUSY - GUTs
• Grand Unified Origin of Enhanced Scalar Couplings: Connecting Radiative Electroweak Symmetry Breaking to SO(10) Dynamics
• Renormalization-group-improved constraints on dimension-7 baryon-number-violating operators
• Scalar-induced Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay in $SU(5)$
• High Scale Physics Connection to LHC Data
• Spontaneous CP Violation and Flavor Changing Neutral Currents in Minimal SO(10)
• Revisiting $\mathrm{SU}(5)$ Yukawa Sectors Through Quantum Corrections
• An upper limit to the lifetime of stellar remnants from gravitational pair production
• Proton stability in low-scale extra-dimensional grand unified theories
• Constraining scalars of $16_H$ through proton decays in non-renormalisable $SO(10)$ models
• Baryon and lepton number violating effective operators in a non-universal extension of the Standard Model