Physics of leptoquarks in precision experiments and at particle colliders

Abstract

We present a comprehensive review of physics effects generated by leptoquarks (LQs), i.e., hypothetical particles that can turn quarks into leptons and vice versa, of either scalar or vector nature. These considerations include discussion of possible completions of the Standard Model that contain LQ fields. The main focus of the review is on those LQ scenarios that are not problematic with regard to proton stability. We accordingly concentrate on the phenomenology of light leptoquarks that is relevant for precision experiments and particle colliders. Important constraints on LQ interactions with matter are derived from precision low-energy observables such as electric dipole moments, (g-2) of charged leptons, atomic parity violation, neutral meson mixing, Kaon, B, and D meson decays, etc. We provide a general analysis of indirect constraints on the strength of LQ interactions with the quarks and leptons to make statements that are as model independent as possible. We address complementary constraints that originate from electroweak precision measurements, top, and Higgs physics. The Higgs physics analysis we present covers not only the most recent but also expected results from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). We finally discuss direct LQ searches. Current experimental situation is summarized and self-consistency of assumptions that go into existing accelerator-based searches is discussed. A progress in making next-to-leading order predictions for both pair and single LQ productions at colliders is also outlined.

136 pages, 22 figures, typographical errors fixed, the Physics Reports version

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• Scalar leptoquarks at the LHC and flavour anomalies: a comparison of pair-production modes at NLO-QCD
• Precise probing and discrimination of third-generation scalar leptoquarks
• Next-to-Leading-Order QCD Matching for $\Delta F=2$ Processes in Scalar Leptoquark Models
• Exploring charm decays with missing energy in leptoquark models
• Search for dark matter in events with a leptoquark and missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV
• Revisiting mono-$\tau$ tails at the LHC
• Search for rare decays of $D^0$ mesons into two muons
• The Techni-Pati-Salam Composite Higgs
• Leptoquarks and Real Singlets: A Richer Scalar Sector Behind the Origin of Dark Matter
• Dirac Masses and Mixings in the (geo)SM(EFT) and Beyond
• A composite pNGB leptoquark at the LHC
• Constraining scalar leptoquarks using COHERENT data
• Light sterile neutrinos and lepton-number-violating kaon decays in effective field theory
• Determinations of form factors for semileptonic $D\to K$ decays and leptoquark constraints
• Leptoquarks: 750 GeV Diphoton Resonance and IceCube Events
• Phenomenology of SU(5) low-energy realizations: the diphoton excess and Higgs flavor violation
• Relativistic calculations of $R(D^{(\ast )})$, $R(D_s^{(\ast )})$, $R({\eta }_c)$ and $R(J/\psi )$
• General Remarks on the One-loop Contributions to the Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment
• Investigating the Production of Leptoquarks by Means of Zeros of Amplitude at Photon Electron Collider
• Muon $(g-2)$ and Flavor Puzzles in the $U(1{)}_X^{}$-gauged Leptoquark Model
• The Muon Magnetic Moment and Physics Beyond the Standard Model
• Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay from Scalar Leptoquarks: Interplay with Neutrino Mass and Flavor Physics
• Sequentially loop supressed fermion masses from a unique discrete symmetry
• Anatomy of scalar mediated proton decays in $SO(10)$ models
• Dark Matter abundance via thermal decays and leptoquark mediators
• Scalar leptoquark effects on $B\to \mu \bar{\nu }$ decay
• $b\to c\tau \bar{\nu }$ decays in supersymmetry with $R$-parity violation
• Search for a third-generation leptoquark coupled to a $\tau$ lepton and a b quark through single, pair, and nonresonant production in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Constraining New Physics with Single Top production at LHC
• Asymmetric Leptoquark Pair Production at LHC
• Flavor changing neutral current decays $t\to cX$ ($X=\gamma ,g,Z,H$) and $t\to c\bar{\ell }\ell$ ($\ell =\mu ,\tau$) via scalar leptoquarks
• Non-resonant Leptoquark with multigeneration couplings to $\mu \mu jj$ and $\mu \nu jj$ at LHC
• Uncovering a chirally suppressed mechanism of $0\nu \beta \beta$ decay with LHC searches
• Test of lepton flavour universality with $B_s^0\to \varphi {\ell }^{+}{\ell }^{-}$ decays
• Interference Resurrection of the $\tau$ Dipole through Quantum Tomography
• $B-L$ violating nucleon decays as a probe of leptoquarks and implications for baryogenesis
• FCNC charmed-hadron decays with invisible singlet particles in light of recent data
• A neutrino window to scalar leptoquarks: from low energy to colliders
• Flavor physics in SU(5) GUT with scalar fields in the 45 representation
• High Scale Type-II Seesaw, Dominant Double Beta Decay within Cosmological Bound and Verifiable LFV Decays in SU(5)
• Enhancement of the double Higgs production via leptoquarks at the LHC
• Leptoquark and vector-like quark extended models as the explanation of the muon $g-2$ anomaly
• A Large Muon EDM from Dark Matter
• Time-delayed electrons from neutral currents at the LHC
• The fate of $V_1$ vector leptoquarks: the impact of future flavour data
• Search for leptoquarks decaying into the b$\tau$ final state in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector
• Anomalous and axial Z' contributions to g-2
• A Challenge to Lepton Universality in B Meson Decays
• All possible first signals of gauge leptoquark in quark-lepton unification and beyond
• $K\to {\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-}$ beyond the standard model
• Leptoquark-induced CLFV decays with a light SM-singlet scalar
• Leptoquarks, axions and the unification of B, L, and Peccei-Quinn symmetries
• Gravitational wave signals from leptoquark-induced first order electroweak phase transitions
• Model-independent analysis on $R(K^{(\ast )})$
• Probing Quark-Lepton Unification with Leptoquark and Higgs Decays
• Evading the Landau pole in the minimal 3-3-1 model with leptoquarks
• Decay dynamics of $N\to \ell \pi$ and $N\to \ell \gamma$
• Muon $g-2$ and semileptonic $B$ decays in Bélanger-Delaunay-Westhoff model with gauge kinetic mixing
• ${\tau }_{B_s}/{\tau }_{B_d}$ and $\Delta {\Gamma }_s$ confront new physics in $b\to s\tau \tau$
• Radiative neutrino mass model from a mass dimension-11 $\Delta L=2$ effective operator
• Vector leptoquark contributions to lepton dipole moments
• Probing leptoquark chirality via top polarization at the Colliders
• Measurement of the branching fraction ratio $R_K$ at large dilepton invariant mass
• Phenomenology of Colored Radiative Neutrino Mass Model and Its Implications on the Cosmic-ray Observations
• Direct production of SM-singlet scalars at the muon collider
• Rare B-Meson Decays at the Crossroads
• Exotic colored scalars at the LHC
• Mutually elusive: vectorlike antileptons and leptoquarks
• Revisiting the Scalar Leptoquark ($S_1$) Model with the Updated Leptonic Constraints
• Neutrino Mass, Coupling Unification, Verifiable Proton Decay, Vacuum Stability and WIMP Dark Matter in SU(5)
• No-go limitations on UV completions of the Neutrino Option
• A $\nu$ window onto leptoquarks?
• Reconstructing Effective Lagrangians Embedding Residual Family Symmetries
• Chiral gauge leptoquark mass limits and branching ratios of $K_L^0,B^0,B_s\to l_i^{+}{l}_j^{-}$ decays with account of the general fermion mixing in leptoquark currents
• On the EFT validity for Drell-Yan tails at the LHC
• Spectrum of colour sextet scalars in realistic SO(10) GUT
• The Revival of $U(1{)}_{L_e-L_{\mu }}$: A Natural Solution for $(g-2{)}_{\mu }$ with a Sub-GeV Dark Matter
• On the sensitivity of the D parameter to new physics
• Rare decays of b hadrons
• Hunting Nonstandard Neutrino Interactions and Leptoquarks in Dark Matter Experiments
• Search for pair production of scalar and vector leptoquarks decaying to muons and bottom quarks in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Prospects for discovering new physics in charm sector through low-energy scattering processes $e^{-}p\to e^{-}({\mu }^{-}){\Lambda }_c$
• Correlating $0\nu \beta \beta$ decays and flavor observables in leptoquark models
• Electric dipole moment of the neutron in Two Higgs Doublet Models with flavor changing
• Jet Substructure Probe on Scalar Leptoquark Models via Top Polarization
• Scalar leptoquark and vector-like quark extended models as the explanation of the muon $g-2$ anomaly: bottom partner chiral enhancement case
• Establishing the Isolated Standard Model
• Search for charged-lepton-flavour violating $\mu \tau qt$ interactions in top-quark production and decay in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC
• Impact of $b\to c$ measurements on ${\Lambda }_b\to p\tau \bar{\nu }$ decay in $U_1$ leptoquark model
• Vector leptoquark $U_3$ and CP violation at T2K, NOvA experiments
• An Imperative study of the angular observables in ${\Lambda }_b\to {\Lambda }_c^{+}(\to \Lambda {\pi }^{+}){\ell }^{-}{\bar{\nu }}_{\ell }$ decay and probing the footprint of new physics
• $\Delta S=2$ nonleptonic hyperon decays as probes of new physics
• Dirac leptogenesis from asymmetry wash-in via scatterings
• Searching and identifying leptoquarks through low-energy polarized scattering processes $e^{-}p\to e^{-}{\Lambda }_c$
• New physics in $b\to s{e}^{+}{e}^{-}$: A model independent analysis
• Search for $t$-channel scalar and vector leptoquark exchange in the high-mass dimuon and dielectron spectra in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Nonperturbative effects in neutrino magnetic moments
• Flavor phenomenology of an extended 2HDM with inverse seesaw mechanism
• Searching for new physics from SMEFT and leptoquarks at the P2 experiment
• Lepton Flavor Violating $B\to K_2^{\ast }(1430){\mu }^{\pm }{\tau }^{\mp }$ Decays
• Flavour anomalies meet flavour symmetry
• $R(K^{(\ast )})$ with vector unparticles
• Theory status and implications of $R_K^{(\ast )}$
• Reappraisal of the minimal flavoured $Z^{\prime }$ scenario
• Search for resonant leptoquark production via lepton-jet signatures in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV and $\sqrt{s}=13.6$ TeV with the ATLAS detector
• Dark Matter EFT, the Third -- Neutrino WIMPs
• CP Asymmetry in $\tau \to K\pi {\nu }_{\tau }$ within Non-Minimal $SU(5)$
• Searching for exclusive leptoquarks with the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio composite model at the LHC and HL-LHC
• Charting the new physics through one-loop effects in the muon magnetic dipole moment
• Improved Bounds and Global Fit of Flavor-Violating Charged Lepton Yukawa Couplings post LHC
• Probing $\Delta L=2$ lepton number violating SMEFT operators at the same-sign muon collider
• Search for the rare decay D${}^0$ $\to$ ${\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-}$ in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13.6 TeV
• On the Model Dependence of Fiducial Cross Section Measurements in View of Reinterpretations
• Effects of vector leptoquarks on ${\Lambda }_b\to {\Lambda }_c\ell {\overline{\nu }}_{\ell }$ decay
• TeV-scale scalar leptoquarks motivated by B anomalies improve Yukawa unification in SO(10) GUT
• Search for R-Parity-Violation-Induced Charged Lepton Flavor Violation at Future Lepton Colliders
• Rare b-hadron decays as probe of new physics
• Long-Lived HNLs via ALP Portal at the LHC
• Search for Low-Mass Leptoquarks using the $llqq$ final states in Pb-Pb Ultra-Peripheral Collisions
• Testing the $R_{D^{(\ast )}}$ Anomaly at the LHeC
• Leptoquark and vectorlike quark extended models as the explanation of $(g-2{)}_{\mu }$ anomaly
• Neutron decay into a Dark Sector via Leptoquarks
• Novel Leptoquark Pair Production at LHC
• Prospects for $B_c^{+}\to {\tau }^{+}{\nu }_{\tau }$ at FCC-ee
• Triple-leptoquark interactions for tree- and loop-level proton decays
• The Forward Physics Facility at the High-Luminosity LHC
• Pati-Salam and lepton universality in B decays
• Single Leptoquark Solutions to the $B$-physics Anomalies
• The Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay in the Colored Zee-Babu Model
• A measurement of the high-mass $\tau \bar{\tau }$ production cross-section at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector and constraints on new particles and couplings
• Rare decay $t\to c\gamma \gamma$ via scalar leptoquark doublets
• Renormalization-group-improved constraints on dimension-7 baryon-number-violating operators
• Explaining the hints for lepton flavour universality violation with three $S_2$ leptoquark generations
• Flavor Anomalies and Quark-Lepton Unification
• Could electron-top interactions spoil the measurement of the Higgs trilinear? -A quantitative estimate at future lepton colliders-
• Impact of dim-6 $\nu$SMEFT operators on low-scale leptogenesis
• Probes of flavour symmetry and violation with top quarks in ATLAS and CMS
• Scalar leptoquark contributions to the $gg\to Zh$ process
• Direct searches motivated by recent $B$-anomalies
• Leveraging intermediate resonances to probe CP violation at colliders
• Constraining scalars of $16_H$ through proton decays in non-renormalisable $SO(10)$ models
• Theoretical implications of recent heavy flavour measurements at the LHC
• Scalar-induced Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay in $SU(5)$
• Lepton flavor violating top quark FCNC processes at the $\mu$TRISTAN
• Violation of lepton number in 3 units
• Revisiting $\mathrm{SU}(5)$ Yukawa Sectors Through Quantum Corrections
• Leptoquarks with Exactly Stable Protons
• Uncovering an Axion Mechanism with the EDM Portfolio
• Constraining Scalar Doublet and Triplet Leptoquarks with Vacuum Stability and Perturbativity
• Explaining lepton-flavor non-universality and self-interacting dark matter with $L_{\mu }-L_{\tau }$
• Vacuum stability in an extended standard model with a leptoquark
• Leptoquarks in B-meson anomalies: simplified models and HL-LHC discovery prospects
• GUT origins of general electroweak multiplets and their oblique parameters