Review of Lepton Universality tests in B decays

Abstract

Several measurements of tree- and loop-level b-hadron decays performed in the recent years hint at a possible violation of Lepton Universality. This article presents an experimental and theoretical overview of the current status of the field.

arXiv comment47 pages, 25 figures

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• Patterns of New Physics in $b\to s{\ell }^{+}{\ell }^{-}$ transitions in the light of recent data
• Addressing the LHC flavour anomalies with horizontal gauge symmetries
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• Vector leptoquark resolution of $R_K$ and $R_{D^{(\ast )}}$ puzzles
• Testing leptoquark models in $\bar{B}\to D^{(\ast )}\tau \bar{\nu }$
• Measurement of the ratio of the $B^0\to D^{\ast -}{\tau }^{+}{\nu }_{\tau }$ and $B^0\to D^{\ast -}{\mu }^{+}{\nu }_{\mu }$ branching fractions using three-prong $\tau$-lepton decays
• Flavour anomalies after the $R_{K^{\ast }}$ measurement
• A three-site gauge model for flavor hierarchies and flavor anomalies
• Angular analysis and differential branching fraction of the decay $B_s^0\to \varphi {\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-}$
• Test of Lepton Flavor Universality by the measurement of the $B^0\to D^{\ast -}{\tau }^{+}{\nu }_{\tau }$ branching fraction using three-prong $\tau$ decays
• Precision Tau Physics
• $R_K$ and future $b\to s\ell \ell$ BSM opportunities
• Confronting lepton flavor universality violation in B decays with high-$p_T$ tau lepton searches at LHC
• Optimizing the basis of B->K*ll observables in the full kinematic range
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• New physics in $b\to s$ transitions after LHC run 1
• Measurements of Inclusive W and Z Cross Sections in pp Collisions at sqrt(s)=7 TeV
• Heavy-to-Light Form Factors in the Final Hadron Large Energy Limit of QCD
• Simultaneous Explanation of the $R_K$ and $R(D^{(\ast )})$ Puzzles
• Lepton Flavor Violation in B Decays?
• $B$ Meson Anomalies in a Pati-Salam Model within the Randall-Sundrum Background
• Interpreting Hints for Lepton Flavor Universality Violation
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• Combined analysis of semileptonic $B$ decays to $D$ and $D^{\ast }$: $R(D^{(\ast )})$, $|V_{cb}|$, and new physics
• Gauge leptoquark as the origin of B-physics anomalies
• The $B\to D\ell \nu$ form factors at nonzero recoil and $|V_{cb}|$ from $2+1$-flavor lattice QCD
• Flavor models for $\bar{B}\to D^{(\ast )}\tau \bar{\nu }$
• Implications from clean observables for the binned analysis of B -> K*ll at large recoil
• The lifetime of the $B_c^{-}$ meson and the anomalies in $B\to D^{(\ast )}\tau \nu$
• Explaining B->Dτν, B->D*τνand B->τνin a 2HDM of type III
• Current status of the Standard Model CKM fit and constraints on $\Delta F=2$ New Physics
• $B\to Dl\nu$ Form Factors at Non-Zero Recoil and Extraction of $|V_{cb}|$
• A perturbed lepton-specific two-Higgs-doublet model facing experimental hints for physics beyond the Standard Model
• Revisiting $B\to D\ell \nu$
• Weak Hamiltonian, CP Violation and Rare Decays
• A model of vector leptoquarks in view of the $B$-physics anomalies
• Baryon Number and Lepton Universality Violation in Leptoquark and Diquark Models
• The Unitarity Triangle Fit in the Standard Model and Hadronic Parameters from Lattice QCD: A Reappraisal after the Measurements of Delta m_s and BR(B to tau nu)
• New physics in the weak interaction of $\bar{B}\to D^{(\ast )}\tau \bar{\nu }$
• Lattice QCD calculation of form factors describing the rare decays $B\to K^{\ast }{\ell }^{+}{\ell }^{-}$ and $B_s\to \varphi {\ell }^{+}{\ell }^{-}$
• $SU(2)\times U(1)$ gauge invariance and the shape of new physics in rare $B$ decays
• Towards the discovery of new physics with lepton-universality ratios of $b\to s\ell \ell$ decays
• $R(D^{\ast })$, $|V_{cb}|$, and the Heavy Quark Symmetry relations between form factors
• Non-abelian gauge extensions for B-decay anomalies
• Leptoquark model to explain the $B$-physics anomalies, $R_K$ and $R_D$
• Sensitivity to charged scalars in $B\to D^{(\ast )}\tau {\nu }_{\tau }$ and $B\to \tau {\nu }_{\tau }$ decays
• Measurements of Inclusive W and Z Cross Sections in p-pbar Collisions at sqrt{s} =1.96 TeV
• Precision measurement and interpretation of inclusive $W^{+}$, $W^{-}$ and $Z/{\gamma }^{\ast }$ production cross sections with the ATLAS detector
• Scalar leptoquarks from GUT to accommodate the $B$-physics anomalies
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• Revisiting Lepton Flavour Universality in B Decays
• Complete Anatomy of B -> K*ll and its angular distribution
• Measurement of D+- and D0 production in deep inelastic scattering using a lifetime tag at HERA
• Form Factors from Light-Cone Sum Rules with B-Meson Distribution Amplitudes
• Exclusive rare B -> K*e+e- decays at low recoil: controlling the long-distance effects
• B-decay Anomalies in a Composite Leptoquark Model
• Scalar contributions to $b\to c(u)\tau \nu$ transitions
• $R_K$ and $R_{K^{\ast }}$ beyond the Standard Model
• Measurements of branching fractions, rate asymmetries, and angular distributions in the rare decays B --> Kl+l- and B --> K*l+l-
• $B\to K{\ell }^{+}{\ell }^{-}$ decay at large hadronic recoil
• Theory of B -> K(*)l+l- decays at high q^2: OPE and quark-hadron duality
• Extraction of $|V_{cb}|$ from $B\to D^{(\ast )}\ell {\nu }_{\ell }$ and the Standard Model predictions of $R(D^{(\ast )})$
• On the anomalies in the latest LHCb data
• $R_{D^{(\ast )}}$ anomaly: A possible hint for natural supersymmetry with $R$-parity violation
• Angular analysis of $B_d^0\to K^{\ast }{\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-}$ decays in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=8$ TeV with the ATLAS detector
• The Standard Model prediction for R_{e/mu}^{(pi,K)}
• The Benefits of B ---> K* l+ l- Decays at Low Recoil
• A Dark Matter Relic From Muon Anomalies
• Measurement of angular parameters from the decay ${\mathrm{B}}^0\to {\mathrm{K}}^{\ast 0}{\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-}$ in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 8 TeV
• $R(D^{(\ast )})$ in a general two Higgs doublet model
• Study of exclusive semileptonic and nonleptonic decays of $B_c^{-}$ in a nonrelativistic quark model
• Lepton universality violation and lepton flavor conservation in $B$-meson decays
• More Benefits of Semileptonic Rare B Decays at Low Recoil: CP Violation
• Status of the $B\to K^{\ast }{\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-}$ anomaly after Moriond 2017
• Long-distance effects in $B\to K^{\ast }\ell \ell$ from Analyticity
• Phenomenology of an $SU(2)\times SU(2)\times U(1)$ model with lepton-flavour non-universality
• B physics Beyond the Standard Model at One Loop: Complete Renormalization Group Evolution below the Electroweak Scale
• Update of $|V_{cb}|$ from the $\bar{B}\to D^{\ast }\ell \bar{\nu }$ form factor at zero recoil with three-flavor lattice QCD
• Revisiting the one leptoquark solution to the $R(D^{(\ast )})$ anomalies and its phenomenological implications
• New Physics effect on $B_c\to J/\psi \tau \bar{\nu }$ in relation to the $R_{D^{(\ast )}}$ anomaly
• Violation of lepton flavour universality in composite Higgs models
• Predictions for Lepton Flavor Universality Violation in Rare B Decays in Models with Gauged $L_{\mu }-L_{\tau }$
• Lepton Flavor Non-Universality in B decays from Dynamical Yukawas
• Measurement of the decay $B\to D\ell {\nu }_{\ell }$ in fully reconstructed events and determination of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix element $|V_{cb}|$
• Excesses of muon $g-2$, $R_{D^{(\ast )}}$, and $R_K$ in a leptoquark model
• Searching for New Physics with $b\to s{\tau }^{+}{\tau }^{-}$ processes
• Diagnosing lepton-nonuniversality in $b\to s\ell \ell$
• Towards a unified explanation of $R_{D^{(\ast )}}$, $R_K$ and $(g-2{)}_{\mu }$ anomalies in a left-right model with leptoquarks
• Constraint on the branching ratio of B_c \to tau nu from LEP1 and consequences for R(D(*)) anomaly
• Search for High Mass Top Quark Production in p anti-p Collisions at S**(1/2) = 1.8 TeV
• Gauge-invariant implications of the LHCb measurements on Lepton-Flavour Non-Universality
• Combined Explanations of the $b\to s{\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-}$ and $b\to c{\tau }^{-}\bar{\nu }$ Anomalies: a General Model Analysis
• Rare decay B -> K ll form factors from lattice QCD
• Semileptonic decays $B_c\to ({\eta }_c,J/\Psi )l\nu$ in the perturbative QCD approach
• On the Importance of Electroweak Corrections for B Anomalies
• Accumulating evidence for nonstandard leptonic decays of D_s mesons
• Standard Model predictions for B -> Kll with form factors from lattice QCD
• One constraint to kill them all?
• Footprints of New Physics in $b\to c\tau \nu$ Transitions
• Addressing the B-physics anomalies in a fundamental Composite Higgs Model
• Explaining the $R_K$ and $R_{D^{(\ast )}}$ anomalies with vector leptoquarks
• Generalised helicity formalism, higher moments and the $B\to K_{J_K}(\to K\pi ){\bar{\ell }}_1{\ell }_2$ angular distributions
• Angular analysis of $B^0\to K^{\ast }(892{)}^0{\ell }^{+}{\ell }^{-}$
• Improved measurement of the $π\rightarrow \mbox{e} ν$ branching ratio
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• Lepton-flavor universality violation in $R_K$ and $R_{D^{(\ast )}}$ from warped space
• KL to pi0 e+ e- and KL to pi0 mu+ mu- : A binary star on the stage of flavor physics
• New physics solutions for $R_D$ and $R_{D^{\ast }}$
• Performance of the Muon Identification at LHCb
• Semileptonic decays of Bc mesons into charmonium states in a relativistic quark model
• Hadronic uncertainties in $B\to K^{\ast }{\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-}$: a state-of-the-art analysis
• A $L_{\mu }-L_{\tau }$ theory of Higgs flavor violation and $(g-2{)}_{\mu }$
• Radiative Leptonic Decays of Heavy Mesons
• Loop effects of heavy new scalars and fermions in $b\to s{\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-}$
• A closer look at the $R_D$ and $R_{D^{\ast }}$ anomalies
• Linear flavour violation and anomalies in B physics
• Flavor Physics and Flavor Anomalies in Minimal Fundamental Partial Compositeness
• New Physics in the Visible Final States of $B\to D^{(\ast )}\tau \nu$
• Hints of R-parity violation in B decays into $\tau \nu$
• D* polarization as a probe to discriminate new physics in B --> D* tau nubar
• Measurement of $b$-hadron branching fractions for two-body decays into charmless charged hadrons
• Consequences of R-Parity violating interactions for anomalies in $\bar{B}\to D^{(\ast )}\tau \bar{\nu }$ and $b\to s{\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-}$
• Introduction to Lattice QCD
• Direct and indirect signals of natural composite Higgs models
• Implications of $b\to s$ measurements
• Probing new physics in ${\bar{B}}^0\to D^{(\ast )}{\tau }^{-}{\bar{\nu }}_{\tau }$ using the longitudinal, transverse, and normal polarization components of the tau lepton
• Charged-Higgs on $R_{D^{(\ast )}}$, $\tau$ polarization, and FBA
• Angular analysis of the $B^0\to K^{\ast 0}{e}^{+}{e}^{-}$ decay in the low-$q^2$ region
• A search for the decay modes B+/- to h+/- tau l
• Measurements of the Semileptonic Decays $\Bb\to D\ell\nub$ and $\Bb\to D^*\ell\nub$ Using a Global Fit to $D X\ell\nub$ Final States
• Measurement of the form factors of the decay B0 -> D*- ell+ nu and determination of the CKM matrix element |Vcb|
• Hadronic and New Physics Contributions to $b\to s$ Transitions
• \large\bf $B_c\to (J/\Psi ,{\eta }_c)\tau \nu$ semileptonic decays within Standard model and beyond
• LHC constraints and prospects for $S_1$ scalar leptoquark explaining the $\bar{B}\to D^{(\ast )}\tau \bar{\nu }$ anomaly
• Determination of the Form Factors for the Decay B0 -> D*- l+ nu_l and of the CKM Matrix Element |V_cb|
• Standard Model prediction and new physics tests for D0 -> h+h-l+l- (h=π,K; l=e,μ)
• SCET sum rules for B->P and B->V transition form factors
• Quark-Hadron Duality
• Rare charm meson decays D->Pl^+l^- and c->ul^+l^- in SM and MSSM
• New physics in the kinematic distributions of $\bar{B}\to D^{(\ast )}{\tau }^{-}(\to {\ell }^{-}{\bar{\nu }}_{\ell }{\nu }_{\tau }){\bar{\nu }}_{\tau }$
• Toward a coherent solution of diphoton and flavor anomalies
• Lambda_b -> Lambda l+ l- form factors and differential branching fraction from lattice QCD
• Evidence for the Suppressed Decay B- -> DK-, D -> K+pi-
• Tensions and correlations in $|V_{cb}|$ determinations
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• The CKM Parameters
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• Measurement of Branching Fractions and Charge Asymmetries for Two-Body B Meson Decays with Charmonium
• Measurement of the ratio of branching fractions $\mathcal{B}(B_c^{+}\to J/\psi K^{+})/\mathcal{B}(B_c^{+}\to J/\psi {\pi }^{+})$
• Lepton polarization asymmetries in rare semi-tauonic $b\to s$ exclusive decays at FCC-$ee$
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• Large off-shell effects in the ${\bar{D}}^{\ast }$ contribution to $B\to \bar{D}\pi \pi$ and $B\to \bar{D}\pi \bar{\ell }{\nu }_{\ell }$ decays.}}
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• A Light shed on Lepton Flavor Universality in B decays
• Notes on QED Corrections in Weak Decays
• Correlating the CDF $W$-boson mass shift with the $b\to s{\ell }^{+}{\ell }^{-}$ anomalies
• Branching fraction for $Z$ decays to four leptons and constraints on new physics
• $\mu$-$\tau$ symmetry breaking and CP violation in the neutrino mass matrix
• Radiative corrections to elastic muon-proton scattering at low momentum transfers
• Neutrino magnetic moment and inert doublet dark matter in a Type-III radiative scenario
• Hyperon production in quasielastic ${\bar{\nu }}_{\tau }-$nucleon scattering
• Resolving Charged Hadrons in QED -- Gauge Invariant Interpolating Operators
• $B_c^{-}\to J/\psi (\to {\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-}){\tau }^{-}(\to {\pi }^{-}{\nu }_{\tau },{\rho }^{-}{\nu }_{\tau },{\ell }^{-}{\bar{\nu }}_{\ell }{\nu }_{\tau }){\bar{\nu }}_{\tau }$ decays with visible final-state kinematics
• Relations between $b\to c\tau \nu$ Decay Modes in Scalar Models
• Semileptonic baryon decays ${\Xi }_b\to {\Xi }_c{\ell }^{-}{\bar{\nu }}_{\ell }$ in perturbative QCD
• Family Non-universal $Z^{\prime }$ Effects on $B_{d,s}\to K^{\ast 0}{\overline{K}}^{\ast 0}$ Decays in Perturbative QCD Approach
• Flavour anomalies and dark matter assisted unification in $SO(10)$ GUT
• Searching and identifying leptoquarks through low-energy polarized scattering processes $e^{-}p\to e^{-}{\Lambda }_c$
• Anomalies in B mesons decays: Present status and future collider prospects
• Assessing Lepton Flavor Universality Violations in Semileptonic Decays
• Explaining the $b\to s{\ell }^{+}{\ell }^{-}$ anomalies in $Z^{\prime }$ scenarios with top-FCNC couplings
• Discriminating 1D new physics solutions in $b\to s\ell \ell$ decays
• Generalized angular-order parton showers in Herwig 7
• Study of angular observables in exclusive semileptonic $B_c$ decays
• Mixed QCD-electroweak corrections to dilepton production at the LHC in the high invariant mass region
• $SU(5)\times U(1{)}^{\prime }$ models with a vector-like fermion family
• B-Anomalies from flavorful U(1)' extensions, safely
• Universal lepton universality violation in exclusive processes
• Delving into new physics in semileptonic $b\to c\tau \bar{\nu }$ transitions
• A $b$-baryon sonata
• Observation of $D^{+}\to K_S^0{\pi }^0{\mu }^{+}{\nu }_{\mu }$, Test of Lepton Flavor Universality and First Angular Analysis of $D^{+}\to {\bar{K}}^{\ast }(892{)}^0{\ell }^{+}{\nu }_{\ell }$
• New Physics Hints from Flavour
• Zh Production, a Tool to Constrain 2HDM
• The effects of polarization on the observables in the decay ${\Xi }_{cc}^{++}\to {\Xi }_c^{+}\bar{\ell }{\nu }_{\ell }$
• Unification based on the mysterious cubic-structure grouping of quarks and leptons