Core-Collapse Supernova Explosion Theory

Abstract

Most supernova explosions accompany the death of a massive star. These explosions give birth to neutron stars and black holes and eject solar masses of heavy elements. However, determining the mechanism of explosion has been a half-century journey of great complexity. In this paper, we present our perspective of the status of this theoretical quest and the physics and astrophysics upon which its resolution seems to depend. The delayed neutrino-heating mechanism is emerging as a robust solution, but there remain many issues to address, not the least of which involves the chaos of the dynamics, before victory can unambiguously be declared. It is impossible to review in detail all aspects of this multi-faceted, more-than-half-century-long theoretical quest. Rather, we here map out the major ingredients of explosion and the emerging systematics of the observables with progenitor mass, as we currently see them. Our discussion will of necessity be speculative in parts, and many of the ideas may not survive future scrutiny. Some statements may be viewed as informed predictions concerning the numerous observables that rightly exercise astronomers witnessing and diagnosing the supernova Universe. Importantly, the same explosion in the inside, by the same mechanism, can look very different in photons, depending upon the mass and radius of the star upon explosion. A 10${}^{51}$-erg (one "Bethe") explosion of a red supergiant with a massive hydrogen-rich envelope, a diminished hydrogen envelope, no hydrogen envelope, and, perhaps, no hydrogen envelope or helium shell all look very different, yet might have the same core and explosion evolution.

arXiv commentReview article published in Nature

References in corpus (99)

• Explosion Mechanisms of Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Core-Collapse Supernovae from 9 to 120 Solar Masses Based on Neutrino-powered Explosions
• Black Hole Formation in Failing Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Birth and Evolution of Isolated Radio Pulsars
• On the Nature of Core Collapse Supernova Explosions
• Neutrino-induced nucleosynthesis of A>64 nuclei: The nu p-process
• The Velocity Distribution of Isolated Radio Pulsars
• Explosions of O-Ne-Mg Cores, the Crab Supernova, and Subluminous Type II-P Supernovae
• The Mass Distribution of Stellar-Mass Black Holes
• Protoneutron star evolution and the neutrino driven wind in general relativistic neutrino radiation hydrodynamics simulations
• Physics of Core-Collapse Supernovae in Three Dimensions: a Sneak Preview
• Simulations of Magnetically-Driven Supernova and Hypernova Explosions in the Context of Rapid Rotation
• Perspectives on Core-Collapse Supernova Theory
• The Neutron Star and Black Hole Initial Mass Function
• Multidimensional Supernova Simulations with Approximative Neutrino Transport I. Neutron Star Kicks and the Anisotropy of Neutrino-Driven Explosions in Two Spatial Dimensions
• On the Mass Distribution and Birth Masses of Neutron Stars
• Pulsar Recoil and Gravitational Radiation due to Asymmetrical Stellar Collapse and Explosion
• The Physics of Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Three-dimensional neutrino-driven supernovae: Neutron star kicks, spins, and asymmetric ejection of nucleosynthesis products
• A large scale dynamo and magnetoturbulence in rapidly rotating core-collapse supernovae
• Three-dimensional core-collapse supernova simulated using a 15 $M_{\odot }$ progenitor
• Electron capture rates on nuclei and implications for stellar core collapse
• The Overarching Framework of Core-Collapse Supernova Explosions as Revealed by 3D Fornax Simulations
• Supernova Simulations from a 3D Progenitor Model -- Impact of Perturbations and Evolution of Explosion Properties
• Neutrino-driven explosion of a 20 solar-mass star in three dimensions enabled by strange-quark contributions to neutrino-nucleon scattering
• Pulsar spins from an instability in the accretion shock of supernovae
• Neutrino Opacities in Nuclear Matter
• Very Low Energy Supernovae from Neutrino Mass Loss
• High Resolution Study of Presupernova Compactness
• Pulsar Recoil by Large-Scale Anisotropies in Supernova Explosions
• Nucleosynthesis in Early Supernova Winds II: The Role of Neutrinos
• Exploring Fundamentally Three-dimensional Phenomena in High-fidelity Simulations of Core-collapse Supernovae
• Effects of Strong and Electromagnetic Correlations on Neutrino Interactions in Dense Matter
• SASI Activity in Three-Dimensional Neutrino-Hydrodynamics Simulations of Supernova Cores
• Non-Radial Instabilities and Progenitor Asphericities in Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Is Strong SASI Activity the Key to Successful Neutrino-Driven Supernova Explosions?
• The Role of Turbulence in Neutrino-Driven Core-Collapse Supernova Explosions
• Three-Dimensional Simulations of Neutrino-Driven Core-Collapse Supernovae from Low-Mass Single and Binary Star Progenitors
• Neutrino-driven supernova of a low-mass iron-core progenitor boosted by three-dimensional turbulent convection
• Criteria for Core-Collapse Supernova Explosions by the Neutrino Mechanism
• Medium modification of the charged current neutrino opacity and its implications
• Neutrino-driven convection versus advection in core collapse supernovae
• The Explosion of Helium Stars Evolved With Mass Loss
• A Successful 3D Core-Collapse Supernova Explosion Model
• The Effects of Correlations on Neutrino Opacities in Nuclear Matter
• Self-sustained asymmetry of lepton-number emission: A new phenomenon during the supernova shock-accretion phase in three dimensions
• Measuring the Progenitor Masses and Dense Circumstellar Material of Type II Supernovae
• Features of the Acoustic Mechanism of Core-Collapse Supernova Explosions
• Ledoux-Convection in Protoneutron Stars --- a Clue to Supernova Nucleosynthesis?
• Fornax: a Flexible Code for Multiphysics Astrophysical Simulations
• Global Comparison of Core-Collapse Supernova Simulations in Spherical Symmetry
• Three-dimensional simulations of rapidly rotating core-collapse supernovae: finding a neutrino-powered explosion aided by non-axisymmetric flows
• Improved estimate of electron capture rates on nuclei during stellar core collapse
• Three-Dimensional Supernova Explosion Simulations of 9-, 10-, 11-, 12-, and 13-M${}_{\odot }$ Stars
• The Dynamics of Neutrino-Driven Supernova Explosions after Shock Revival in 2D and 3D
• Rotation-supported Neutrino-driven Supernova Explosions in Three Dimensions and the Critical Luminosity Condition
• The Three Dimensional Evolution to Core Collapse of a Massive Star
• Three-dimensional Models of Core-collapse Supernovae From Low-mass Progenitors With Implications for Crab
• Multi-Dimensional Radiation/Hydrodynamic Simulations of Protoneutron Star Convection
• Do electron-capture supernovae make neutron stars? First multidimensional hydrodynamic simulations of the oxygen deflagration
• Progenitor-dependent Explosion Dynamics in Self-consistent, Axisymmetric Simulations of Neutrino-driven Core-collapse Supernovae
• Electron-Capture and Low-Mass Iron-Core-Collapse Supernovae: New Neutrino-Radiation-Hydrodynamics Simulations
• Hydrodynamical Neutron Star Kicks in Three Dimensions
• Crucial Physical Dependencies of the Core-Collapse Supernova Mechanism
• Black hole formation and fallback during the supernova explosion of a $40{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ star
• Dimensional Dependence of the Hydrodynamics of Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Interplay of Neutrino Opacities in Core-collapse Supernova Simulations
• Magnetorotational Explosion of A Massive Star Supported by Neutrino Heating in General Relativistic Three Dimensional Simulations
• Temporal and Angular Variations of 3D Core-Collapse Supernova Emissions and their Physical Correlations
• On the Impact of Three Dimensions in Simulations of Neutrino-Driven Core-Collapse Supernova Explosions
• Gravitational wave signatures in black-hole-forming core collapse
• A full general relativistic neutrino radiation-hydrodynamics simulation of a collapsing very massive star and the formation of a black hole
• Many-Body Corrections to Charged-Current Neutrino Absorption Rates in Nuclear Matter
• Neutrino-nucleon scattering in supernova matter from the virial expansion
• Revival of the Fittest: Exploding Core-Collapse Supernovae from 12 to 25 M${}_{\odot }$
• Three-Dimensional Core-Collapse Supernova Simulations with Multi-Dimensional Neutrino Transport Compared to the Ray-by-Ray-plus Approximation
• A systematic study of proto-neutron star convection in three-dimensional core-collapse supernova simulations
• The Hydrodynamic Origin of Neutron Star Kicks
• Remnants and ejecta of thermonuclear electron-capture supernovae: Constraining oxygen-neon deflagrations in high-density white dwarfs
• The Birth Function for Black Holes and Neutron Stars in Close Binaries
• Charged current neutrino interactions in hot and dense matter
• Radiation-hydrodynamical modelling of Core-Collapse Supernovae: light curves and the evolution of photospheric velocity and temperature
• Neutrino signal from proto-neutron star evolution: Effects of opacities from charged-current-neutrino interactions and inverse neutron decay
• Towards an Understanding of the Resolution Dependence of Core-Collapse Supernova Simulations
• PUSHing core-collapse supernovae to explosions in spherical symmetry IV: Explodability, remnant properties and nucleosynthesis yields of low metallicity stars
• Chimera: A massively parallel code for core-collapse supernova simulation
• Evolution of ONeMg Core in Super-AGB Stars towards Electron-Capture Supernovae: Effects of Updated Electron-Capture Rate
• Effects of LESA in Three-Dimensional Supernova Simulations with Multi-Dimensional and Ray-by-Ray-plus Neutrino Transport
• Discovery of an Exceptionally Strong $\beta$-Decay Transition of ${}^{20}$F and Implications for the Fate of Intermediate-Mass Stars
• A 3D Simulation of a Neutrino-Driven Supernova Explosion Aided By Convection and Magnetic Fields
• Induced Rotation in 3D Simulations of Core Collapse Supernovae: Implications for Pulsar Spins
• Radiation-hydrodynamical modelling of underluminous type II plateau Supernovae
• Long-term Simulations of Multi-Dimensional Core-collapse Supernovae: Implications for Neutron Star Kicks
• Convective Properties of Rotating Two-Dimensional Core-Collapse Supernova Progenitors
• Neutrino Signals of Core-Collapse Supernovae in Underground Detectors
• Mass discrepancy analysis for a select sample of Type II-Plateau supernovae
• Luminous type IIP SN 2013ej with high-velocity Ni-56 ejecta
• Type IIP supernova 2008in: the explosion of a normal red supergiant
• Resolving the puzzle of type IIP SN 2016X

Cited by in corpus (79)

• New Developments in Flavor Evolution of a Dense Neutrino Gas
• Self-consistent 3D Supernova Models From -7 Minutes to +7 Seconds: a 1-bethe Explosion of a ~19 Solar-mass Progenitor
• The Present and Future Status of Heavy Neutral Leptons
• Muonic Boson Limits: Supernova Redux
• Different to the core: the pre-supernova structures of massive single and binary-stripped stars
• POSYDON: A General-Purpose Population Synthesis Code with Detailed Binary-Evolution Simulations
• Fast Neutrino Flavor Conversion in Core-Collapse Supernovae: A Parametric Study in 1D Models
• Roles of fast neutrino-flavor conversion on the neutrino-heating mechanism of core-collapse supernova
• Type II supernovae from the Carnegie Supernova Project-I. II. Physical parameter distributions from hydrodynamical modelling
• Snowmass White Paper: Beyond the Standard Model effects on Neutrino Flavor
• The Collapse and Three-Dimensional Explosion of Three-Dimensional, vis à vis One-Dimensional, Massive-star Supernova Progenitor Models
• Collective Neutrino Flavor Instability Requires a Crossing
• Core-collapse supernova simulations and the formation of neutron stars, hybrid stars, and black holes
• Electron capture in stars
• Fast neutrino flavor conversions in one-dimensional core-collapse supernova models with and without muon creation
• Black hole mergers in compact star clusters and massive black hole formation beyond the mass-gap
• Binary-Stripped Stars as Core-Collapse Supernovae Progenitors
• Horizons: Nuclear Astrophysics in the 2020s and Beyond
• Supernova neutrino signals based on long-term axisymmetric simulations
• Three dimensional magnetorotational core-collapse supernova explosions of a 39 solar mass progenitor star
• Neutrino Flavor Conversion, Advection, and Collisions: Towards the Full Solution
• The role of jets in exploding supernovae and in shaping their remnants
• The observed mass distribution of Galactic black hole LMXBs is biased against massive black holes
• The Iron Yield of Normal Type II Supernovae
• Entanglement in three-flavor collective neutrino oscillations
• Neutrino Decoupling Is Altered by Flavor Conversion
• Protoneutron Star Convection Simulated with a New General Relativistic Boltzmann Neutrino Radiation-Hydrodynamics Code
• Flavor Triangle of the Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background
• Hydrodynamic Simulations of Electron-capture Supernovae: Progenitor and Dimension Dependence
• Anisotropic Quark Stars with an Interacting Quark Equation of State within the Complexity Factor Formalism
• Progenitor Dependence of Hadron-quark Phase Transition in Failing Core-collapse Supernovae
• Boosting jittering jets by neutrino heating in core collapse supernovae
• Efficient estimation method for time evolution of proto-neutron star mass and radius from supernova neutrino signal
• Multidimensional Boltzmann Neutrino Transport Code in Full General Relativity for Core-collapse Simulations
• Non-Universal Stellar Initial Mass Functions: Large Uncertainties in Star Formation Rates at $z\approx 2-4$ and Other Astrophysical Probes
• Powering luminous core collapse supernovae with jets
• The implications of large binding energies of massive stripped core collapse supernova progenitors on the explosion mechanism
• Core-collapse supernova simulations with reduced nucleosynthesis networks
• Shock Revival in Core-collapse Supernovae Assisted by Heavy Axion-like Particles
• Nuclei in Core-Collapse Supernovae Engine
• Tracer particles for core-collapse supernova nucleosynthesis: The advantages of moving backward
• Effect of stellar rotation on the development of post-shock instabilities during core-collapse supernovae
• Enormous explosion energy of Type IIP SN 2017gmr with bipolar Ni-56 ejecta
• X-Ray Luminous Supernovae: Threats to Terrestrial Biospheres
• Exploring Supernova Gravitational Waves with Machine Learning
• Impact of late-time neutrino emission on the diffuse supernova neutrino background
• Structure Factors of Neutron Matter at Finite Temperature
• Physics-Informed Machine Learning for Modeling Turbulence in Supernovae
• A Consistent Modeling of Neutrino-driven Wind with Accretion Flow onto a Protoneutron Star and its Implications for ${}^{56}$Ni Production
• Standing Accretion Shock Instability in the Collapse of a Rotating Stellar Core
• Neutrino Echos following Black Hole Formation in Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Inferring Type II-P Supernova Progenitor Masses from Plateau Luminosities
• Timing and Multi-Channel: Novel Method for Determining the Neutrino Mass Ordering from Supernovae
• Observing Supernova Neutrino Light Curves with Super-Kamiokande. III. Extraction of Mass and Radius of Neutron Stars from Synthetic Data
• Many-body collective neutrino oscillations: recent developments
• The large-scale environment of thermonuclear and core-collapse supernovae
• Principal-Axis Analysis of the Eddington Tensor for the Early Post-Bounce Phase of Rotational Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Light Curves of Type IIP Supernovae from Neutrino-driven Explosions of Red Supergiants Obtained by a Semi-analytic Approach
• Impact of Rotation on the Multimessenger Signatures of a Hadron-quark Phase Transition in Core-collapse Supernovae
• X-ray Studies of the Inverted Ejecta Layers in the Southeast Area of Cassiopeia A
• A binary origin for the first isolated stellar-mass black hole detected with astrometric microlensing
• Prospects for reconstructing the gravitational-wave signals from core-collapse supernovae with Advanced LIGO-Virgo and the BayesWave algorithm
• Gravitational wave signals in the deci-Hz range from neutrinos during the proto-neutron star cooling phase
• Supernova Preshock Neutronization Burst as a Probe of Non-Standard Neutrino Interactions
• Stellar evolution, SN explosion, and nucleosynthesis
• Constraints on Explosion Timescale of Core-Collapse Supernovae Based on Systematic Analysis of Light Curves
• Mass Distribution and "Mass Gap" of Compact Stellar Remnants in Binary Systems
• Rapid decline in the lightcurves of luminous supernovae by jet-driven bipolar explosions
• Uncovering the neutrino mass ordering with the next galactic core-collapse supernova neutrino burst using water Cherenkov detectors
• Neutrino transport with Monte Carlo method: II. Quantum Kinetic Equations
• Neutrinos from Diffuse Supernova Background
• Supernova model discrimination with a kilotonne-scale Gd-H${}_2$O Cherenkov detector
• Unveiling the nature of the unidentified gamma-ray sources 4FGL J1908.6+0915e, HESS J1907+089/HOTS J1907+091, and 3HWC J1907+085 in the sky region of the magnetar SGR 1900+14
• Signatures of electromagnetic and sound radiation produced by gravitational waves in core-collapse supernovae
• Non-Radial Neutrino Emission upon Black Hole Formation in Core Collapse Supernovae
• A New Moment-Based General-Relativistic Neutrino-Radiation Transport Code: Methods and First Applications to Neutron Star Mergers
• Neutrino Driven Explosions aided by Axion Cooling in Multidimensional Simulations of Core-Collapse Supernovae
• SNR G292.0+1.8: A Remnant of a Low-Mass Progenitor Stripped-Envelope Supernova
• Modeling the outcome of supernova explosions in binary population synthesis using the stellar compactness