Muonic Boson Limits: Supernova Redux

Abstract

We derive supernova (SN) bounds on muon-philic bosons, taking advantage of the recent emergence of muonic SN models. Our main innovations are to consider scalars $\varphi$ in addition to pseudoscalars $a$ and to include systematically the generic two-photon coupling $G_{\gamma \gamma }$ implied by a muon triangle loop. This interaction allows for Primakoff scattering and radiative boson decays. The globular-cluster bound $G_{\gamma \gamma }<0.67\times 10^{-10}{\mathrm{GeV}}^{-1}$ derived for axion-like particles carries over to the muonic Yukawa couplings as $g_a<3.1\times 10^{-9}$ and $g_{\varphi }<4.6\times 10^{-9}$ for $m_{a,\varphi }\lesssim 100$ keV, so SN arguments become interesting mainly for larger masses. If bosons escape freely from the SN core the main constraints originate from SN1987A $\gamma$ rays and the diffuse cosmic $\gamma$-ray background. The latter allows at most $10^{-4}$ of a typical total SN energy of $E_{\mathrm{SN}}\simeq 3\times 10^{53}$erg to show up as $\gamma$ rays, for $m_{a,\varphi }\gtrsim 100$keV implying $g_a\lesssim 0.9\times 10^{-10}$ and $g_{\varphi }\lesssim 0.4\times 10^{-10}$. In the trapping regime the bosons emerge as quasi-thermal radiation from a region near the neutrino sphere and match $L_{\nu }$ for $g_{a,\varphi }\simeq 10^{-4}$. However, the $2\gamma$ decay is so fast that all the energy is dumped into the surrounding progenitor-star matter, whereas at most $10^{-2}{E}_{\mathrm{SN}}$ may show up in the explosion. To suppress boson emission below this level we need yet larger couplings, $g_a\gtrsim 2\times 10^{-3}$ and $g_{\varphi }\gtrsim 4\times 10^{-3}$. Muonic scalars can explain the muon magnetic-moment anomaly for $g_{\varphi }\simeq 0.4\times 10^{-3}$, a value hard to reconcile with SN physics despite the uncertainty of the explosion-energy bound. For generic axion-like particles, this argument covers the "cosmological triangle" in the $G_{a\gamma \gamma }$--$m_a$ parameter space.

30 pages, 12 figures; v3 typographical corrections (see Note Added) after publication

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