Emission line models for the lowest-mass core collapse supernovae. I: Case study of a 9 $M_{\odot }$ one-dimensional neutrino-driven explosion

Abstract

A large fraction of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe), 30-50%, are expected to originate from the low-mass end of progenitors with $M_{\mathrm{ZAMS}}=8-12M_{\odot }$. However, degeneracy effects make stellar evolution modelling of such stars challenging, and few predictions for their supernova light curves and spectra have been presented. Here we calculate synthetic nebular spectra of a 9 $M_{\odot }$ Fe CCSN model exploded with the neutrino mechanism. The model predicts emission lines with FWHM$\sim$1000 km/s, including signatures from each deep layer in the metal core. We compare this model to observations of the three subluminous IIP SNe with published nebular spectra; SN 1997D, SN 2005cs, and SN 2008bk. The prediction of both line profiles and luminosities are in good agreement with SN 1997D and SN 2008bk. The close fit of a model with no tuning parameters provides strong evidence for an association of these objects with low-mass Fe CCSNe. For SN 2005cs, the interpretation is less clear, as the observational coverage ended before key diagnostic lines from the core had emerged. We perform a parameterised study of the amount of explosively made stable nickel, and find that none of these three SNe show the high ${}^{58}$Ni/${}^{56}$Ni ratio predicted by current models of electron capture SNe (ECSNe) and ECSN-like explosions. Combined with clear detection of lines from O and He shell material, these SNe rather originate from Fe core progenitors. We argue that the outcome of self-consistent explosion simulations of low-mass stars, which gives fits to many key observables, strongly suggests that the class of subluminous Type IIP SNe is the observational counterpart of the lowest mass CCSNe.

arXiv commentResubmitted to MNRAS after referee comments

References in corpus (66)

• Core-Collapse Supernovae from 9 to 120 Solar Masses Based on Neutrino-powered Explosions
• WISeREP - An Interactive Supernova Data Repository
• Nucleosynthesis and Remnants in Massive Stars of Solar Metallicity
• Explosions of O-Ne-Mg Cores, the Crab Supernova, and Subluminous Type II-P Supernovae
• The Remarkable Deaths of 9 - 11 Solar Mass Stars
• The Supernova Channel of Super-AGB Stars
• A New Multi-Dimensional General Relativistic Neutrino Hydrodynamics Code of Core-Collapse Supernovae III. Gravitational Wave Signals from Supernova Explosion Models
• The Progenitors of Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Electron-capture supernovae as the origin of elements beyond iron
• Three-Dimensional Simulations of Core-Collapse Supernovae: From Shock Revival to Shock Breakout
• Super and massive AGB stars - IV. Final fates - Initial to final mass relation
• Low Luminosity Type II Supernovae: Spectroscopic and Photometric Evolution
• SN 2005cs in M51 II. Complete Evolution in the Optical and the Near-Infrared
• The Landscape of the Neutrino Mechanism of Core-Collapse Supernovae: Neutron Star and Black Hole Mass Functions, Explosion Energies and Nickel Yields
• Three-Dimensional Simulations of Mixing Instabilities in Supernova Explosions
• The progenitor mass of the Type IIP supernova SN 2004et from late-time spectral modeling
• Type II-Plateau supernova radiation: dependencies on progenitor and explosion properties
• The Status of Multi-Dimensional Core-Collapse Supernova Models
• Neutrino-driven supernova of a low-mass iron-core progenitor boosted by three-dimensional turbulent convection
• Advanced burning stages and fate of 8-10 Mo stars
• The Peculiar Type II Supernova 1997 D: A Case for a Very Low 56Ni Mass
• SN 2008S: an electron capture SN from a super-AGB progenitor?
• Nucleosynthesis in Electron Capture Supernovae of AGB Stars
• Underluminous Type II Plateau Supernovae: II. Pointing towards moderate mass precursors
• The nebular spectra of SN 2012aw and constraints on stellar nucleosynthesis from oxygen emission lines
• New Two-Dimensional Models of Supernova Explosions by the Neutrino-Heating Mechanism: Evidence for Different Instability Regimes in Collapsing Stellar Cores
• SN 2005cs in M51 I. The first month of evolution of a subluminous SN II plateau
• Late-time spectral line formation in Type IIb supernovae, with application to SN 1993J, SN 2008ax, and SN 2011dh
• Peculiar, Low Luminosity Type II Supernovae: Low Energy Explosions in Massive Progenitors?
• The Progenitor of SN 2005cs in the Whirlpool Galaxy
• The 44Ti-powered spectrum of SN 1987A
• Identification of the Red Supergiant Progenitor of Supernova 2005cs: Do the Progenitors of Type II-P Supernovae Have Low Mass?
• Evolution of 3-9 Mo Stars for Z=0.001 - 0.03 and Metallicity Effects on Type Ia Supernovae
• Using Quantitative Spectroscopic Analysis to Determine the Properties and Distances of Type II-Plateau Supernovae: SNe 2005cs and 2006bp
• A Spitzer Space Telescope Study of SN 2003gd: Still No Direct Evidence that Core-Collapse Supernovae are Major Dust Factories
• On The Progenitor of the Type II-Plateau Supernova 2003gd in Messier 74
• Dynamics of shock propagation and nucleosynthesis conditions in O-Ne-Mg core supernovae
• Do electron-capture supernovae make neutron stars? First multidimensional hydrodynamic simulations of the oxygen deflagration
• A Study of the Type II-P Supernova 2003gd in M74
• The Disappearance of the Progenitors of Supernovae 1993J and 2003gd
• SN 2009md: Another faint supernova from a low mass progenitor
• Late Spectral Evolution of SN 1987A: II. Line Emission
• Supernova 2008bk and Its Red Supergiant Progenitor
• Evolution of progenitors for electron capture supernovae
• Late Spectral Evolution of SN 1987A: I. Temperature and Ionization
• Progenitor mass of the type IIP supernova 2005cs
• Supernova Explosions of Super-Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars: Multicolor Light Curves of Electron-Capture Supernovae
• VLT detection of a red supergiant progenitor of the type IIP supernova 2008bk
• The fading of SN 1997D
• Sn 2008in - bridging the gap between normal and faint supernovae of type IIP
• Electron-capture supernovae exploding within their progenitor wind
• Constraining the physical properties of Type II-P supernovae using nebular phase spectra
• Supersolar Ni/Fe production in the Type IIP SN 2012ec
• Distance estimate and progenitor characteristics of SN 2005cs in M51
• Ruling out a massive-assymptoic giant-branch star as the progenitor of supernova 2005cs
• A new precise mass for the progenitor of the Type IIP SN 2008bk
• Radiation-hydrodynamical modelling of underluminous type II plateau Supernovae
• Impact of neutrino flavor oscillations on the neutrino-driven wind nucleosynthesis of an electron-capture supernova
• A study of the low-luminosity Type II-Plateau supernova 2008bk
• Early Ultraviolet, Optical and X-Ray Observations of the Type IIP SN 2005cs in M51 with Swift
• The final fate of stars that ignite neon and oxygen off-center: electron capture or iron core-collapse supernova?
• Rapidly evolving faint transients from stripped-envelope electron-capture supernovae
• Constraints on explosive silicon burning in core-collapse supernovae from measured Ni/Fe ratios
• Reddening, Abundances, and Line Formation in SNe II
• An Echo of Supernova 2008bk
• Ejecta and progenitor of the low-luminosity Type IIP supernova 2003Z

Cited by in corpus (38)

• The Explosion of Helium Stars Evolved With Mass Loss
• Muonic Boson Limits: Supernova Redux
• Three-dimensional Models of Core-collapse Supernovae From Low-mass Progenitors With Implications for Crab
• Astronuclear Physics: a Tale of the Atomic Nuclei in the Skies
• Low-Energy Supernovae Severely Constrain Radiative Particle Decays
• Analysis of broad-lined Type Ic supernovae from the (intermediate) Palomar Transient Factory
• The electron-capture origin of supernova 2018zd
• Short-Lived Circumstellar Interaction in the Low-Luminosity Type IIP SN 2016bkv
• Remnants and ejecta of thermonuclear electron-capture supernovae: Constraining oxygen-neon deflagrations in high-density white dwarfs
• The infancy of core-collapse supernova remnants
• A Type Ia supernova at the heart of superluminous transient SN 2006gy
• Signatures of Circumstellar Interaction in the Type IIL Supernova ASASSN-15oz
• Type II supernovae from the Carnegie Supernova Project-I. I. Bolometric light curves of 74 SNe II using uBgVriYJH photometry
• A low-energy explosion yields the underluminous Type IIP SN 2020cxd
• Three Core-Collapse Supernovae with Nebular Hydrogen Emission
• Low-luminosity type IIP supernovae: SN 2005cs and SN 2020cxd as very low-energy iron core-collapse explosions
• Circumstellar Medium Interaction in SN 2018lab, A Low-Luminosity II-P Supernova observed with TESS
• Low luminosity Type II supernovae -- IV. SN 2020cxd and SN 2021aai, at the edges of the sub-luminous supernovae class
• Luminosity distribution of Type II supernova progenitors
• Synthetic observables for electron-capture supernovae and low-mass core collapse supernovae
• Progenitor properties of type II supernovae: fitting to hydrodynamical models using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods
• Low luminosity Type II supernovae III. SN 2018hwm, a faint event with an unusually long plateau
• Supernova 2018cuf: A Type IIP supernova with a slow fall from plateau
• The low-luminosity type II SN\,2016aqf: A well-monitored spectral evolution of the Ni/Fe abundance ratio
• Type II-P Supernova Progenitor Star Initial Masses and SN 2020jfo: Direct Detection, Light Curve Properties, Nebular Spectroscopy, and Local Environment
• Type Ic Supernova of a 22 ${\text{M}}_{\odot }$ Progenitor
• Oxygen and calcium nebular emission line relationships in core-collapse supernovae and Ca-rich transients
• SN 2018is: a low-luminosity Type IIP supernova with narrow hydrogen emission lines at early phases
• Revisiting the progenitor of the low-luminosity type II-plateau supernova, SN 2008bk
• The Extraplanar Type II Supernova ASASSN-14jb in the Nearby Edge-on Galaxy ESO 467-G051
• The Formation of Electron-capture Supernovae: A Review
• Cooling the Shock: New Supernova Constraints on Dark Photons
• Spectral synthesis techniques for supernovae and kilonovae
• Intermediate-luminosity red transients: Spectrophotometric properties and connection to electron-capture supernova explosions
• SN 2023ixf: interaction signatures in the spectrum at 445 days
• Core-Collapse Supernovae: From Neutrino-Driven 1D Explosions to Light Curves and Spectra
• PGIR 20eid (SN2020qmp): A Type IIP Supernova at 15.6 Mpc discovered by the Palomar Gattini-IR survey
• Progenitor and Close-In Circumstellar Medium of Type II Supernova 2020fqv from High-Cadence Photometry and Ultra-Rapid UV Spectroscopy