A Silicon Surface Code Architecture Resilient Against Leakage Errors

Abstract

Spin qubits in silicon quantum dots are one of the most promising building blocks for large scale quantum computers thanks to their high qubit density and compatibility with the existing semiconductor technologies. High fidelity single-qubit gates exceeding the threshold of error correction codes like the surface code have been demonstrated, while two-qubit gates have reached 98\% fidelity and are improving rapidly. However, there are other types of error --- such as charge leakage and propagation --- that may occur in quantum dot arrays and which cannot be corrected by quantum error correction codes, making them potentially damaging even when their probability is small. We propose a surface code architecture for silicon quantum dot spin qubits that is robust against leakage errors by incorporating multi-electron mediator dots. Charge leakage in the qubit dots is transferred to the mediator dots via charge relaxation processes and then removed using charge reservoirs attached to the mediators. A stabiliser-check cycle, optimised for our hardware, then removes the correlations between the residual physical errors. Through simulations we obtain the surface code threshold for the charge leakage errors and show that in our architecture the damage due to charge leakage errors is reduced to a similar level to that of the usual depolarising gate noise. Spin leakage errors in our architecture are constrained to only ancilla qubits and can be removed during quantum error correction via reinitialisations of ancillae, which ensure the robustness of our architecture against spin leakage as well. Our use of an elongated mediator dots creates spaces throughout the quantum dot array for charge reservoirs, measuring devices and control gates, providing the scalability in the design.

References in corpus (72)

• Quantum Computation with Quantum Dots
• Quantum Mechanics helps in searching for a needle in a haystack
• Surface codes: Towards practical large-scale quantum computation
• Single-shot read-out of an individual electron spin in a quantum dot
• Improved Simulation of Stabilizer Circuits
• Quantum computing with trapped ions
• An addressable quantum dot qubit with fault-tolerant control fidelity
• A Two Qubit Logic Gate in Silicon
• A >99.9%-fidelity quantum-dot spin qubit with coherence limited by charge noise
• Simple pulses for elimination of leakage in weakly nonlinear qubits
• Geometric Manipulation of Trapped Ions for Quantum Computation
• A programmable two-qubit quantum processor in silicon
• Electron spin coherence exceeding seconds in high purity silicon
• Topological fault-tolerance in cluster state quantum computation
• Interfacing spin qubits in quantum dots and donors - hot, dense and coherent
• Efficient Z-Gates for Quantum Computing
• Triplet-Singlet Spin Relaxation via Nuclei in a Double Quantum Dot
• Electrical control of a long-lived spin qubit in a Si/SiGe quantum dot
• Silicon CMOS architecture for a spin-based quantum computer
• Fidelity benchmarks for two-qubit gates in silicon
• Quantum computing with nearest neighbor interactions and error rates over 1%
• Quantum speedup of Monte Carlo methods
• Quantum Metropolis Sampling
• Spin-valley lifetimes in a silicon quantum dot with tunable valley splitting
• Reduced sensitivity to charge noise in semiconductor spin qubits via symmetric operation
• Blueprint for a microwave trapped-ion quantum computer
• Coherent single electron spin control in a slanting Zeeman field
• Detecting bit-flip errors in a logical qubit using stabilizer measurements
• A Crossbar Network for Silicon Quantum Dot Qubits
• Singlet-triplet spin blockade and charge sensing in a few-electron double quantum dot
• Efficient Algorithms for Maximum Likelihood Decoding in the Surface Code
• Silicon qubit fidelities approaching incoherent noise limits via pulse engineering
• Quantification and Characterization of Leakage Errors
• Rapid high-fidelity gate-based spin read-out in silicon
• Gate-based single-shot readout of spins in silicon
• Gate fidelity and coherence of an electron spin in a Si/SiGe quantum dot with micromagnet
• Quantum computation with realistic magic state factories
• Electrically controlling single spin qubits in a continuous microwave field
• Fault-tolerant thresholds for quantum error correction with the surface code
• Assessment of a silicon quantum dot spin qubit environment via noise spectroscopy
• Efficient error models for fault-tolerant architectures and the Pauli twirling approximation
• Probing low noise at the MOS interface with a spin-orbit qubit
• Electrically driven electron spin resonance mediated by spin-valley-orbit coupling in a silicon quantum dot
• Efficient C-Phase gate for single-spin qubits in quantum dots
• Coping with qubit leakage in topological codes
• Integrated silicon qubit platform with single-spin addressability, exchange control and robust single-shot singlet-triplet readout
• Controlling spin-orbit interactions in silicon quantum dots using magnetic field direction
• Single qubit gates in frequency-crowded transmon systems
• Coherent spin-exchange via a quantum mediator
• Charge Relaxation in a Single Electron Si/SiGe Double Quantum Dot
• A silicon-based surface code quantum computer
• Dispersively detected Pauli Spin-Blockade in a Silicon Nanowire Field-Effect Transistor
• High-fidelity single-shot readout for a spin qubit via an enhanced latching mechanism
• Single-shot single-gate RF spin readout in silicon
• Surface code architecture for donors and dots in silicon with imprecise and nonuniform qubit couplings
• Constructing Smaller Pauli Twirling Sets for Arbitrary Error Channels
• Interface induced spin-orbit interaction in silicon quantum dots and prospects for scalability
• Approximation of real error channels by Clifford channels and Pauli measurements
• A logical qubit in a linear array of semiconductor quantum dots
• Dynamically controlled charge sensing of a few-electron silicon quantum dot
• Orbital and valley state spectra of a few-electron silicon quantum dot
• Fast spin exchange between two distant quantum dots
• Tunable Spin Qubit Coupling Mediated by a Multi-Electron Quantum Dot
• Comparison of a quantum error correction threshold for exact and approximate errors
• Two-Qubit Couplings of Singlet-Triplet Qubits Mediated by One Quantum State
• Network architecture for a topological quantum computer in silicon
• Spin of a multielectron quantum dot and its interaction with a neighboring electron
• Intrinsic leakage of the Josephson flux qubit and breakdown of the two-level approximation for strong driving
• Impact of g-factors and valleys on spin qubits in a silicon double quantum dot
• Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computation for Singlet-Triplet Qubits with Leakage Errors
• Multi-qubit gates protected by adiabaticity and dynamical decoupling applicable to donor qubits in silicon
• Universal Quantum Computation and Leakage Reduction in the 3-Qubit Decoherence Free Subsystem

Cited by in corpus (12)

• Fast gate-based readout of silicon quantum dots using Josephson parametric amplification
• Protecting quantum entanglement from leakage and qubit errors via repetitive parity measurements
• Performance of planar Floquet codes with Majorana-based qubits
• Variational circuit compiler for quantum error correction
• Looped Pipelines Enabling Effective 3D Qubit Lattices in a Strictly 2D Device
• Remote capacitive sensing in two-dimension quantum-dot arrays
• Near-Term Spin-Qubit Architecture Design via Multipartite Maximally-Entangled States
• An elongated quantum dot as a distributed charge sensor
• Coherent errors in stabilizer codes caused by quasistatic phase damping
• All rf-based tuning algorithm for quantum devices using machine learning
• Error metric for non-trace-preserving quantum operations
• Accurate Leakage Speculation for Quantum Error Correction