Heavy Ion Collisions: Achievements and Challenges

Abstract

A decade ago brief summary of the field could be formulated as a discovery of strongly-coupled Quark-Gluon-Plasma, sQGP, making a very good liquid with surprisingly small viscosity. Since 2010 we have LHC program, which added a lot to our understanding, and now there seems to be a need to consolidate what we learned and formulate a list of issues to be studied next. Hydrodynamical perturbations, leading to higher harmonics of angular correlations, are identified as long-lived sound waves. Recently studied reactions involving sounds include phonon decays into two ("loop viscosity"), phonon+magnetic field into photons/dileptons (sono-magneto-luminescence), and two phonons into a gravity wave, a penetrating probe of the Big Bang. The mainstream issues in the field now include a quest to study transition between $pp,pA$ and heavy ion $AA$ collisions, with an aim to locate "the smallest drops" of the sQGP displaying collective/hydrodynamics behavior. The issues related to out-of-equilibrium stage of the collisions, and mechanisms of the equilibration, in weak and strong coupling, are also hotly debated.

v2 is extended version, now intended for publication

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• Exploring the Nuclear Shape Phase Transition in Ultra-Relativistic ${}^{129}$Xe+${}^{129}$Xe Collisions at the LHC
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• Heavy flavor quenching and flow: the roles of initial condition, pre-equilibrium evolution and in-medium interaction
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• Fluctuating vector mesons in analytically continued FRG flow equations
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• Wigner solution of the quark gap equation
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• Chiral Magnetic Effect in Heavy Ion Collisions
• Structure formation during phase transitions in strongly interacting matter
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• Confinement, Holonomy and Correlated Instanton-Dyon Ensemble I: SU(2) Yang-Mills Theory
• Parton energy loss in a hard-soft factorized approach
• Properties of condensed matter from fundamental physical constants
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• System evolution of forward-backward multiplicity correlations in a multi-phase transport model
• Photon production from Pb+Pb collisions at {$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$} = 5.02 TeV at LHC and at {$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$} = 39 TeV at FCC
• Measurements of chemical potentials in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Observation of flow angle and flow magnitude fluctuations in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
• Role of nonlocal probes of thermalization for a strongly interacting non-Abelian plasma
• Thermal properties of $\pi$ and $\rho$ meson
• Fluctuations in non-ideal pion gas with dynamically fixed particle number
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