Probing the initial longitudinal density profile and electromagnetic field in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions with heavy quarks

Abstract

Heavy quarks are valuable probes of the electromagnetic field and the initial condition of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) matter produced in high-energy nuclear collisions. Within an improved Langevin model that is coupled to a (3+1)-dimensional viscous hydrodynamic model, we explore the origin of the directed flow coefficient ($v_1$) of heavy mesons and their decay leptons, and its splitting ($\Delta v_1$) between opposite charges. We find that while the rapidity dependence of the heavy flavor $v_1$ is mainly driven by the titled energy density profile of the QGP with respect to the longitudinal direction at the RHIC energy, it is dominated by the electromagnetic field at the LHC energy. The $\Delta v_1$ serves as a novel probe of the spacetime evolution profile of the electromagnetic field. Our results of $D$ mesons and their decay electrons are consistent with the available data at RHIC and LHC, and our predictions on the heavy flavor decay muons can be further tested by future measurements.

arXiv comment12 pages, 10 figures, 1 table. Published: Phys. Rev. C 105, 054907 (2022)

References in corpus (83)

• PYTHIA 6.4 Physics and Manual
• PYTHIA 6.2 Physics and Manual
• The Chiral Magnetic Effect
• Full result for the QCD equation of state with 2+1 flavors
• EPS09 - a New Generation of NLO and LO Nuclear Parton Distribution Functions
• Event-by-event generation of electromagnetic fields in heavy-ion collisions
• How Much do Heavy Quarks Thermalize in a Heavy Ion Collision?
• Derivation of transient relativistic fluid dynamics from the Boltzmann equation
• Energy Loss and Flow of Heavy Quarks in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV
• New Developments in Relativistic Viscous Hydrodynamics
• Event-by-event fluctuations of magnetic and electric fields in heavy ion collisions
• Multiple Scattering, Parton Energy Loss and Modified Fragmentation Functions in Deeply Inelastic eA Scattering
• Comments About the Electromagnetic Field in Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Heavy Quark Energy Loss in Nuclear Medium
• Magnetohydrodynamics, charged currents and directed flow in heavy ion collisions
• Thermal dilepton rate and electrical conductivity: An analysis of vector current correlation functions in quenched lattice QCD
• Heavy Ion Collisions: Achievements and Challenges
• Linearized Boltzmann transport model for jet propagation in the quark-gluon plasma: Heavy quark evolution
• Heavy quark dynamics and hadronization in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions: collisional versus radiative energy loss
• Electrical conductivity of the quark-gluon plasma across the deconfinement transition
• Observation of $D^0$ meson nuclear modifications in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{{}_{\mathrm{NN}}}}$ = 200 GeV
• Effects of initial flow velocity fluctuation in event-by-event (3+1)D hydrodynamics
• ${\mathbf{D}}_{\mathbf{s}}$-Meson as Quantitative Probe of Diffusion and Hadronization in Nuclear Collisions
• Directed Flow of Charm Quarks as a Witness of the Initial Strong Magnetic Field in Ultra-Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions
• Nuclear modification factor of D${}^0$ mesons in PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=$ 5.02 TeV
• Tomography of the Quark-Gluon-Plasma by Charm Quarks
• Hard collinear gluon radiation and multiple scattering in a medium
• Open heavy flavor in Pb+Pb collisions at sqrt(s)=2.76 TeV within a transport model
• Charmed Hadrons from Coalescence plus Fragmentation in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions at RHIC and LHC
• CTEQ6 Parton Distributions with Heavy Quark Mass Effects
• Open Heavy Flavor in QCD Matter and in Nuclear Collisions
• Pseudorapidity distribution and decorrelation of anisotropic flow within CLVisc hydrodynamics
• Energy loss, hadronization and hadronic interactions of heavy flavors in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Towards the determination of heavy-quark transport coefficients in quark-gluon plasma
• Transverse momentum dependence of D-meson production in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=2.76$ TeV
• Directed flow in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Heavy and light flavor jet quenching at RHIC and LHC energies
• Hadronization and Charm-Hadron Ratios in Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Open Heavy-Flavor Production in Heavy-Ion Collisions
• A linearized Boltzmann--Langevin model for heavy quark transport in hot and dense QCD matter
• D-meson azimuthal anisotropy in mid-central Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{{\mathbf{s}}_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Measurement of D${}^0$, D${}^{+}$, D${}^{\ast +}$ and D${}_{\mathrm{s}}^{+}$ production in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{{\mathbf{s}}_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Elliptic and triangular flow of heavy flavor in heavy-ion collisions
• Magnetic fields in heavy ion collisions: flow and charge transport
• Probing the effects of strong electromagnetic fields with charge-dependent directed flow in Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC
• Quantifying Chiral Magnetic Effect from Anomalous-Viscous Fluid Dynamics
• First observation of the directed flow of $D^0$ and $\overline{D^0}$ in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 200~GeV
• Initial value problem for magnetic field in heavy ion collisions
• Electromagnetic fields with electric and chiral magnetic conductivities in heavy ion collisions
• First measurement of ${\Lambda }_c$ baryon production in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 200 GeV
• Large directed flow of open charm mesons probes the three dimensional distribution of matter in heavy ion collisions
• A systematic study of magnetic field in Relativistic Heavy-ion Collisions in the RHIC and LHC energy regions
• (3+1)-D viscous hydrodynamics CLVisc at finite net baryon density: identified particle spectra, anisotropic flows and flow fluctuations across BES energies
• Effect of intense magnetic fields on reduced-MHD evolution in $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 200 GeV Au+Au collisions
• Production of ${\Lambda }_{\mathrm{c}}^{+}$ baryons in proton-proton and lead-lead collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=$ 5.02 TeV
• ${\Lambda }_{\mathrm{c}}^{+}$ production in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Interplay of drag by hot matter and electromagnetic force on the directed flow of heavy quarks
• Charmed hadron chemistry in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Flavor hierarchy of jet quenching in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Measurement of electrons from semileptonic heavy-flavour hadron decays at midrapidity in pp and Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV
• Event-by-event $v_n$ correlations of soft hadrons and heavy mesons in heavy ion collisions
• Hydrodynamics with chiral anomaly and charge separation in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Longitudinal fluctuations and decorrelations of anisotropic flows at the LHC and RHIC energies
• Magnetic field-induced squeezing effect at RHIC and at the LHC
• Isolating the chiral magnetic effect from backgrounds by pair invariant mass
• Charmed hadron production in an improved quark coalescence model
• Measurement of azimuthal anisotropy of muons from charm and bottom hadrons in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV with the ATLAS detector
• Thermal Charm and Charmonium Production in Quark Gluon Plasma
• Observation of $D_s^{\pm }/D^0$ enhancement in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{{}_{\mathrm{NN}}}}$ = 200 GeV
• Measurement of B${}_{\mathrm{s}}^0$ meson production in pp and PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=$ 5.02 TeV
• Development of heavy-flavour flow-harmonics in high-energy nuclear collisions
• Directed flow of D mesons at RHIC and LHC: non-perturbative dynamics, longitudinal bulk matter asymmetry and electromagnetic fields
• Longitudinal distribution of initial energy density and directed flow of charged particles in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Probing the electromagnetic fields in ultrarelativistic collisions with leptons from $Z^0$ decay and charmed mesons
• Directed flow of open charm in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV using a quark coalescence model
• Rapidity dependence of heavy-flavour production in heavy-ion collisions within a full 3+1 transport approach: quenching, elliptic and directed flow
• Heavy flavor quenching and flow: the roles of initial condition, pre-equilibrium evolution and in-medium interaction
• Directed flow of charged particles within idealized viscous hydrodynamics at energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
• Pseudo-rapidity distribution from a perturbative solution of viscous hydrodynamics for heavy ion collisions at RHIC and LHC
• Perturbation solutions of relativistic viscous hydrodynamics for longitudinally expanding fireballs
• Thermal production of charm quarks in heavy ion collisions at Future Circular Collider
• Modification of $Z^0$ leptonic invariant mass in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions as a measure of the electromagnetic field
• Nuclear modification factors, directed and elliptic flow of electrons from open heavy flavor decays in Au+Au collisions from STAR

Cited by in corpus (15)

• Splitting of proton-antiproton directed flow in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Exploring the effects of electromagnetic fields and tilted bulk distribution on directed flow of D mesons in small systems
• Multi-charmed and singled charmed hadrons from coalescence: yields and ratios in different collision systems at LHC
• Directed flow in relativistic resistive magneto-hydrodynamic expansion for symmetric and asymmetric collision systems
• Directed flow and global polarization in Au+Au collisions across energies covered by the beam energy scan at RHIC
• Impact of chiral asymmetry and magnetic field on passage of an energetic test parton in a QCD medium
• Revisiting shear stress tensor evolution: Non-resistive magnetohydrodynamics with momentum-dependent relaxation time
• Exploring Spin Polarization of Heavy Quarks in Magnetic Fields and Hot Medium
• Hydrodynamic simulations of directed flow for light hadrons in Au+Au and isobar collisions $\sqrt{s_{\text{NN}}}=$ 200 GeV
• Probing the mass effect of heavy quark jets in high-energy nuclear collisions
• External magnetic field induced paramagnetic squeezing effect in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC
• Interactions between heavy quarks and tilted QGP fireballs in 200 AGeV Au+Au collisions
• Directed flow of D and B mesons in an electrically and chirally conductive QGP at LHC energies
• Production of leptons from decay of heavy-flavor hadrons in high-energy nuclear collisions
• Non-perturbative heavy quark diffusion coefficients in arbitrarily magnetized quark-gluon plasma