Majorana Fermions in Semiconductor Nanowires: Fundamentals, Modeling, and Experiment

Abstract

After a recent series of rapid and exciting developments, the long search for the Majorana fermion - the elusive quantum entity at the border between particles and antiparticles - has produced the first positive experimental results, but is not over yet. Originally proposed by E. Majorana in the context of particle physics, Majorana fermions have a condensed matter analog in the zero-energy bound states emerging in topological superconductors. A promising route to engineering topological superconductors capable of hosting Majorana zero modes consists of proximity coupling semiconductor thin films or nanowires with strong spin-orbit interaction to conventional s-wave superconductors in the presence of an external Zeeman field. The Majorana zero mode is predicted to emerge above a certain critical Zeeman field as a zero-energy state localized near the order parameter defects, viz., vortices for thin films and wire-ends for the nanowire. These Majorana bound states are expected to manifest non--Abelian quantum statistics, which makes them ideal building blocks for fault--tolerant topological quantum computation. This review provides an update on current status of the search for Majorana fermions in semiconductor nanowires by focusing on the recent developments, in particular the period following the first reports of experimental signatures consistent with the realization of Majorana bound states in semiconductor nanowire--superconductor hybrid structures. We start with a discussion of the fundamental aspects of the subject, followed by considerations on the realistic modeling which is a critical bridge between theoretical predictions based on idealized conditions and the real world, as probed experimentally. The last part is dedicated to a few intriguing issues that were brought to the fore by the recent encouraging experimental advances.

Invited topical review paper. Published version, 29 pages, 20 figures

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• How to infer non-Abelian statistics and topological invariants from tunneling conductance properties of realistic Majorana nanowires
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• Topological Properties of Time Reversal Symmetric Kitaev Chain and Applications to Organic Superconductors
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• Floquet Majorana zero and $\pi$ modes in planar Josephson junctions
• Bulk disorder in the superconductor affects proximity-induced topological superconductivity
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• Dual approach to circuit quantization using loop charges
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• Many-body Majorana operators and the equivalence of parity sectors
• Fermionized parafermions and symmetry-enriched Majorana modes
• Disorder-induced Majorana zero modes in a dimerized Kitaev superconductor chain
• Detecting topological superconductivity using low-frequency doubled Shapiro steps
• Metamorphosis of Andreev bound states into Majorana bound states in pristine nanowires
• Non-Abelian braiding of Majorana-like edge states and topological quantum computations in electric circuits
• Topological properties of the long-range Kitaev chain with Aubry-André-Harper modulation
• Time scales for Majorana manipulation using Coulomb blockade in gate-controlled superconducting nanowires
• Majorana Braiding in Realistic Nanowire Y-Junctions and Tuning Forks
• Zeeman and spin-orbit effects in the Andreev spectra of nanowire junctions
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• Numerical calculation of the complex berry phase in non-Hermitian systems
• Spin-polarized Andreev tunneling through the Rashba chain
• Protocol Discovery for the Quantum Control of Majoranas by Differentiable Programming and Natural Evolution Strategies
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• Nonperturbative phase diagram of interacting disordered Majorana nanowires
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• Corner- and sublattice-sensitive Majorana zero modes on the kagome lattice
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• Mimicking black hole event horizons in atomic and solid-state systems
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• Enhancement of the topological regime in elongated Josephson junctions
• Anomalous superconducting proximity effect and coherent charge transport in semiconducting thin film with spin-orbit interaction
• Optical absorption of semiconductor 2D Majorana nanowires
• Revisiting the Poor Man's Majoranas: The Spin-Exchange Induced Spillover Effect
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• Electron-hole coherence in core-shell nanowires with partial proximity induced superconductivity
• Ballistic transport in 1D Rashba systems in the context of Majorana nanowires
• Rashba spin-orbit coupling and artificially engineered topological superconductors
• Effects of a single impurity in a Luttinger liquid with spin-orbit coupling
• Disorder-induced chiral and helical Majorana edge modes in a two-dimensional Ammann-Beenker quasicrystal
• Proximity-induced superconductivity generated by thin films: Effects of Fermi surface mismatch and disorder in the superconductor
• Majorana bound states with chiral magnetic textures
• Topological Properties and Characterizations
• Zero energy modes with Gaussian, exponential, or polynomial decay: Exact solutions in hermitian and nonhermitian regimes
• Current cross-correlation spectroscopy of Majorana bound states