Gaseous Galaxy Halos

Abstract

Galactic halo gas traces inflowing star formation fuel and feedback from a galaxy's disk and is therefore crucial to our understanding of galaxy evolution. In this review, we summarize the multi-wavelength observational properties and origin models of Galactic and low redshift spiral galaxy halo gas. Galactic halos contain multiphase gas flows that are dominated in mass by the ionized component and extend to large radii. The densest, coldest halo gas observed in neutral hydrogen (HI) is generally closest to the disk (< 20 kpc), and absorption line results indicate warm and warm-hot diffuse halo gas is present throughout a galaxy's halo. The hot halo gas detected is not a significant fraction of a galaxy's baryons. The disk-halo interface is where the multiphase flows are integrated into the star forming disk, and there is evidence for both feedback and fueling at this interface from the temperature and kinematic gradient of the gas and HI structures. The origin and fate of halo gas is considered in the context of cosmological and idealized local simulations. Accretion along cosmic filaments occurs in both a hot (> 10^5.5 K) and cold mode in simulations, with the compressed material close to the disk the coldest and densest, in agreement with observations. There is evidence in halo gas observations for radiative and mechanical feedback mechanisms, including escaping photons from the disk, supernova-driven winds, and a galactic fountain. Satellite accretion also leaves behind abundant halo gas. This satellite gas interacts with the existing halo medium, and much of this gas will become part of the diffuse halo before it can reach the disk. The accretion rate from cold and warm halo gas is generally below a galaxy disk's star formation rate, but gas at the disk-halo interface and stellar feedback may be important additional fuel sources.

arXiv comment50 pages, 9 figures (1 in 3D, view with a current version of Adobe), to appear in ARA&A, 50, 491

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• The impact of cosmic rays on dynamical balance and disk-halo interaction in Lstar disk galaxies
• Gas Accretion onto the Milky Way
• Telltale signs of metal recycling in the circumgalactic medium of a $z\sim 0.77$ galaxy
• Not So Heavy Metals: Black Hole Feedback Enriches The Circumgalactic Medium
• FEASTS: IGM cooling triggered by tidal interactions through the diffuse HI phase around NGC 4631
• Chemical Abundances in the Leading Arm of the Magellanic Stream
• The morphology and kinematics of the gaseous circumgalactic medium of Milky Way mass galaxies -- II. comparison of IllustrisTNG and Illustris simulation results
• The Smooth MgII gas distribution through the interstellar/extra-planar/halo interface
• CHANG-ES XXIII: Influence of a galactic wind in NGC 5775
• Figuring Out Gas & Galaxies in Enzo (FOGGIE). III. The Mocky Way: Investigating Biases in Observing the Milky Way's Circumgalactic Medium
• Regulation of Star Formation by a Hot Circumgalactic Medium
• CHILES: HI morphology and galaxy environment at z=0.12 and z=0.17
• Galaxy Interactions in Compact Groups II: abundance and kinematic anomalies in HCG 91c
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Physical drivers of stellar-gas kinematic misalignments in the nearby Universe
• Thermal Instability in the CGM of $L_{\star }$ Galaxies: Testing "Precipitation" Models with the FIRE Simulations
• Hydrogen Emission from the Ionized Gaseous Halos of Low Redshift Galaxies
• The physical drivers of the atomic hydrogen-halo mass relation
• Cool circumgalactic gas of passive galaxies from cosmological inflow
• NIHAO III: The constant disc gas mass conspiracy
• All-sky census of Galactic high-latitude molecular intermediate-velocity clouds
• Probing the Southern Fermi Bubble in Ultraviolet Absorption using Distant AGNs
• An HST/COS legacy survey of intervening SiIII absorption in the extended gaseous halos of low-redshift galaxies
• Shattering of Cosmic Sheets due to Thermal Instabilities: a Formation Channel for Metal-Free Lyman Limit Systems
• Molecular gas distribution perpendicular to the Galactic plane
• Sensitive 21cm Observations of Neutral Hydrogen in the Local Group near M31
• Thermal Instabilities and Shattering in the High-Redshift WHIM: Convergence Criteria and Implications for Low-Metallicity Strong HI Absorbers
• Shrinking Galaxy Disks with Fountain-Driven Accretion from the Halo
• The Milky Way's Hot Gas Kinematics: Signatures in Current and Future OVII Absorption Line Observations
• Galactic magnetic fields and hierarchical galaxy formation
• HI in Group Interactions: HCG 44
• Constraining the Magnetic Field of the Smith High Velocity Cloud using Faraday rotation
• Revealing the Ionization Properties of the Magellanic Stream using Optical Emission
• Galactic Gas Flows from Halo to Disk: Tomography and Kinematics at the Milky Way's Disk-Halo Interface
• Magnetized High Velocity Clouds in the Galactic Halo: A New Distance Constraint
• Collisions between Dark Matter Confined High Velocity Clouds and Magnetized Galactic Disks: The Smith Cloud
• Biases and systematics in the observational derivation of galaxy properties: comparing different techniques on synthetic observations of simulated galaxies
• Diffuse coronae in cosmological simulations of Milky Way-sized galaxies
• Models of rotating coronae
• Entropy Driven Winds: Outflows and Fountains Lifted Gently by Buoyancy
• Resolving 3D Disk Orientation using High-Resolution Images: New Constraints on Circumgalactic Gas Inflows
• The COS-AGN survey: Revealing the nature of circum-galactic gas around hosts of active galactic nuclei
• Mixing between High Velocity Clouds and the Galactic Halo
• Advanced Data Visualization in Astrophysics: the X3D Pathway
• Kinematics of Extremely Metal-poor Galaxies: Evidence for Stellar Feedback
• Detection of the diffuse HI emission in the Circumgalactic Medium of NGC 891 and NGC 4565
• The Halos and Environments of Nearby Galaxies (HERON) II: The outer structure of edge-on galaxies
• GASKAP Pilot Survey Science II: ASKAP Zoom Observations of Galactic 21-cm Absorption
• Outskirts of Distant Galaxies In Absorption
• GASP. VII. Gas accretion onto an isolated galaxy
• An Introduction to Gas Accretion onto Galaxies
• Exploring the Milky Way Circumgalactic Medium in a Cosmological Context with a Semi-Analytic Model
• Si iv Column Densities Predicted from Non-Equilibrium Ionization Simulations of Turbulent Mixing Layers and High-Velocity Clouds
• A high molecular fraction in a sub-damped absorber at z=0.56
• Structure formation in a colliding flow: The Herschel view of the Draco nebula
• Detection of thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect in the circumgalactic medium of low-mass galaxies -- a surprising pattern in self-similarity and baryon sufficiency
• The complementary roles of feedback and mergers in building the gaseous halo and the X-ray corona of Milky Way-sized galaxies
• On the radial profile of gas-phase Fe/α ratio around distant galaxies
• Efficiency of Thermal Conduction in a Magnetised Circumgalactic Medium
• The First Reported Infrared Emission from the SN 1006 Remnant
• The HI Kinematics of NGC 4013: a Steep and Radially Shallowing Extra-planar Rotational Lag
• A dynamics-free lower bound on the mass of our galaxy
• An HI View of Galaxy Conformity: HI-rich Environment around HI-excess Galaxies
• Spectroscopy of the Young Stellar Association Price-Whelan 1: Origin in the Magellanic Leading Arm and Constraints on the Milky Way Hot Halo
• The origin of X-ray coronae around simulated disc galaxies
• The diversity of the circumgalactic medium around z = 0 Milky Way-mass galaxies from the Auriga simulations
• Mass, Morphing, Metallicities: The Evolution of Infalling High Velocity Clouds
• Kinematics of the OVI Circumgalactic Medium: Halo Mass Dependence and Outflow Signatures
• Directly tracing cool filamentary accretion over >100 kpc into the interstellar medium of a quasar host at z=1
• Comparison of the extraplanar H$\alpha$ and UV emissions in the halos of nearby edge-on spiral galaxies
• Predominantly Low Metallicities Measured in a Stratified Sample of Lyman Limit Systems at z=3.7
• The Impact of Outflows driven by Active Galactic Nuclei on Metals in and around Galaxies
• BICEP / Keck XVI: Characterizing Dust Polarization through Correlations with Neutral Hydrogen
• The warm Gaseous Disk and the Anisotropic Circumgalactic Medium of the Milky Way
• New constraints on the nature and origin of the Leading Arm of the Magellanic Stream
• The history of stellar metallicity in a simulated disc galaxy
• Empirical estimates of the Galactic halo contribution to the dispersion measures of extragalactic fast radio bursts using X-ray absorption
• Simulating Gas Inflow at the Disk-Halo Interface
• The SRG/eROSITA diffuse soft X-ray background. I. The local hot bubble in the western Galactic hemisphere
• A dynamical transition from atomic to molecular intermediate-velocity clouds
• How can star formation be sustained?
• The QuaStar Survey: Detecting Hidden Low-Velocity Gas in the Milky Way's Circumgalactic Medium
• Relativistic corrections for measuring Hubble's constant to 1% using stellar standard candles
• MeerKAT HI commissioning observations of MHONGOOSE galaxy ESO 302-G014
• The Warm Gas in the MW: A Kinematical Model
• eDIG-CHANGES I: Extended Hα Emission from the Extraplanar Diffuse Ionized Gas (eDIG) around CHANG-ES Galaxies
• The GALEX Arecibo SDSS Survey VII: The Bivariate Neutral Hydrogen-Stellar Mass Function for Massive Galaxies
• Galactic winds - How to launch galactic outflows in typical Lyman-break galaxies
• Quasars probing quasars X: The quasar pair spectral database
• It's a Breeze: The Circumgalactic Medium of a Dwarf Galaxy is Easy to Strip
• A Search For Star Formation in the Smith Cloud
• Characterizing the Circumgalactic Medium of the Lowest-Mass Galaxies: A Case Study of IC 1613
• One-Two Quench: A Double Minor Merger Scenario
• High-velocity gas towards the LMC resides in the Milky Way halo
• Statistical tests of galactic dynamo theory
• Asymmetric eROSITA bubbles as the evidence of a circumgalactic medium wind
• The Effect of Mixing on the Observed Metallicity of the Smith Cloud
• New detections of embedded clusters in the Galactic halo
• HALOGAS: Strong Constraints on the Neutral Gas Reservoir and Accretion Rate in Nearby Spiral Galaxies
• Radiative Turbulent Mixing Layers and the Survival of Magellanic Debris
• The effect of rotation on the thermal instability of stratified galactic atmospheres - I. Local analysis
• {\it HST}/COS Observations of the Warm Ionized Gaseous Halo of NGC 891
• Probing the baryon cycle of galaxies with SPICA mid- and far-infrared observations
• The HI Column Density Distribution of the Galactic Disk and Halo
• Magnetic field draping around clumpy high-velocity clouds in galactic halo
• The effect of rotation on the thermal instability of stratified galactic atmospheres - II. The formation of High Velocity Clouds
• Magnetic fields in elliptical galaxies: Using the Laing-Garrington effect in radio galaxies and polarized emission from background radio sources
• Decoding X-ray observations from centres of galaxy clusters using MCMC
• Probing the gaseous halo of galaxies through non-thermal emission from AGN-driven outflows
• The role of the halo magnetic field on accretion through High-Velocity Clouds
• A fast radio burst progenitor born in a galaxy merger
• Interstellar magnetic cannon targeting the Galactic halo : A young bubble at the origin of the Ophiuchus and Lupus molecular complexes
• Tentative Detection of the Circumgalactic Medium of the Isolated Low-Mass Dwarf Galaxy WLM
• Inflow of low-metallicity cool gas in the halo of the Andromeda galaxy
• Spatially Resolved Gas Flows Around the Milky Way
• Dust in a compact, cold, high-velocity cloud: A new approach to removing foreground emission
• Gas accretion in Milky Way-like galaxies: temporal and radial dependencies
• Catalog of narrow C IV absorption lines in BOSS (II): for quasars with zem > 2.4
• A High-Velocity Cloud Impact Forming a Supershell in the Milky Way
• Cannibalization and Rebirth in the NGC5387 System. I. The Stellar Stream & Star Forming Region
• The Physical Nature of Circumgalactic Medium Absorbers in Simba
• The Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array Local Group L-band Survey (LGLBS)
• CMB distortion from circumgalactic gas
• Misalignment between cold gas and stellar components in early-type galaxies
• Far-infrared excess emission as a tracer of disk-halo interaction
• Interaction of galactic wind with halo gas and the origin of multiphase extraplanar material
• Dust-to-Gas Ratios of the GALFA-HI Compact Cloud Catalog
• High-resolution HI and CO observations of high-latitude intermediate-velocity clouds
• Star Formation Variability as a Probe for the Baryon Cycle within Galaxies
• The First Distance Constraint on the Renegade High Velocity Cloud Complex WD
• The discovery of the largest gas filament in our Galaxy, or a new spiral arm?
• Exploring Hydrodynamic Instabilities along the Infalling High-Velocity Cloud Complex A
• Nature of the Galaxies On Top Of Quasars producing MgII absorption
• Dynamic equilibrium sets atomic content of galaxies across cosmic time
• The high-velocity clouds above the disk of the outer Milky Way: misty precipitating gas in a region roiled by stellar streams
• HST Detection of Extended Neutral Hydrogen in a Massive Elliptical at z = 0.4
• Probing the circumgalactic baryons through cross-correlations
• XMM-Newton/RGS Detection of the Missing Interstellar OVII Kalpha Absorption Line in the Spectrum of Cyg X-2
• Properties of the circumgalactic medium in simulations compared to observations
• Searching for HI around MHONGOOSE Galaxies via Spectral Stacking
• SDSS IV MaNGA -- Gas Rotation Velocity lags in the Final Sample of MaNGA Galaxies
• Multiverse Predictions for Habitability: Fraction of Life that Develops Intelligence
• Positive feedback at the disc-halo interface
• A detection of H${}_2$ in a high velocity cloud toward the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The Kinematic Structure of Magnetically Aligned HI Filaments
• Extended neutral hydrogen filamentary network in NGC 2403
• R-process Rain from Binary Neutron Star Mergers in the Galactic Halo
• An HI study of NGC 3521 - a galaxy with a slow-rotating halo
• Absorption-based Circumgalactic Medium Line Emission Estimates
• Cosmological gas accretion history onto the stellar discs of Milky Way-like galaxies in the Auriga simulations -- (I) Temporal dependency
• Measuring the physical imprints of gas flows in galaxies I: Accretion rate histories
• XMM-Newton Survey of Local OVII Absorption Lines in the Spectra of Galactic X-ray Sources
• On the Origin of High-velocity Clouds in the Galaxy
• Candidate List of Edge-on Galaxies with Substantial Extraplanar Dust
• Charge exchange emission and cold clumps in multi-phase galactic outflows
• Probing gaseous halos of galaxies with radio jets
• Constraining the X-ray AGN halo occupation distribution: implications for eROSITA
• H_2 molecular gas absorption-selected systems trace CO molecular gas-rich galaxy overdensities
• The isothermal evolution of a shock-filament interaction
• DIISC-I: The Discovery of Kinematically Anomalous HI Clouds in M 100
• Large-scale latitude distortions of the inner Milky Way Disk from the Herschel/Hi-GAL Survey
• Braving the Storm: Quantifying Disk-wide Ionized Outflows in the Large Magellanic Cloud with ULLYSES
• Probing the Halo Gas Distribution in the Inner Galaxy with Fermi Bubble Observations
• Three-Dimensional Orientation of Compact High Velocity Clouds
• Future Prospects: Deep Imaging of Galaxy Outskirts using Telescopes Large and Small
• Understanding the Baryon Cycle: Fueling Star Formation via Inflows in Milky Way-like Galaxies
• Polarization Gradient Study of Interstellar Medium Turbulence Using The Canadian Galactic Plane Survey
• Where has all the $r$-process gone? Timescales for GRB-Kilonovae to Enrich their Host Galaxies
• Evidence for a large off-centered galactic outflow and its connection to the extraplanar diffuse ionized gas in IC 1553
• Properties of 3D HI Filaments in the Smith High Velocity Cloud
• A Component of the Smith High Velocity Cloud Now Crossing the Galactic Plane
• Gamma-ray and radio background constraints on cosmic rays in Milky Way circumgalactic medium
• Solar-Metallicity Gas in the Extended Halo of a Galaxy at $z\sim 0.12$
• Tracing dense and diffuse neutral hydrogen in the halo of the Milky Way
• Cold-mode and hot-mode accretion in galaxy formation: an entropy approach
• Distant probes of RM structure -- Where is the Faraday Rotation towards the Magellanic Leading Arm?
• The MeerKAT Absorption Line Survey (MALS) data release 3: Cold atomic gas associated with the Milky Way
• Feeding the Dead: Neutral Gas Inflow in a Long-Quenched Ancient Massive Galaxy at $z\sim 2.7$ Observed with JWST/NIRSpec
• Introducing the Descriptive Parametric Model: Gaseous Profiles for Galaxies, Groups, and Clusters
• CGM cloud sizes from refractive FRB scattering
• The effect of saturated thermal conduction on clouds in a hot plasma
• Accretion Onto the Milky Way: The Smith Cloud
• Neutral Gas Accretion onto Nearby Galaxies
• Extraplanar emission in isolated edge-on late-type galaxies. I. The H$\alpha$ distribution versus to the old and young stellar discs
• A path towards constraining the evolution of the interstellar medium and outflows in the Milky Way using APOGEE
• Fading in the Flow: Suppression of cold gas growth in expanding galactic outflows
• The WSRT HALOGAS Survey
• Cosmic Rays and Non-thermal Emission Induced by Accretion of Cool Gas onto the Galactic Disk
• Hydrodynamics of Clustered Clouds: Drafting, Survival, Condensation, and Ablation
• Magnetising galaxies with cold inflows
• Atomic and Molecular Phases of the Interstellar Medium
• The Discovery and Origin of A Very-High Velocity Cloud Toward M33
• Atmospheric pressure and molecular cloud formation in early-type galaxies
• A Search for OH 18-cm Emission from Intermediate-Velocity Gas at High Galactic Latitudes
• Estimating the Fuel Supply Rate on the Galactic Disk from High Velocity Clouds (HVCs) Infall
• The Baryonic Mass Estimates of the Milky Way Halo in the form of High Velocity Clouds
• Neural Infalling Cloud Equations (NICE): Increasing the Efficacy of Subgrid Models and Scientific Equation Discovery using Neural ODEs and Symbolic Regression
• Interaction Between Rogue HI Clouds and the Magnetic Field High Above the Galaxy
• How does the stellar disk of the Milky Way get its gas?
• Soft X-ray line emission from hot gas in intervening galaxy halos and diffuse gas in the cosmic web
• Investigating Galactic Fountains in M101: Insights from Ionized, UV emissions and Neutral Gas
• Kinematic analysis of an Ultra-Strong MgII absorber at z~1.13 linking to Circumgalactic Gas Structures
• Game Theory in Cosmology
• Resolving the formation of cold HI filaments in the high velocity cloud complex C
• The Observed O VI is Just the Tip of the Iceberg: Estimating the Hidden Material in Circumgalactic and Intergalactic Clouds
• EMBERS I: Low redshift post-starburst galaxies are frequently depleted in molecular gas relative to star forming progenitors
• The HaloSat and PolarLight CubeSat Missions for X-ray Astrophysics
• Constraining the geometry of the gas surrounding a typical galaxy at $z=3.4$ with Ly$\alpha$ polarization
• Angular Momentum Accretion onto Disc Galaxies
• The Formation of Large Galactic Disks: Revival or Survival?
• Modeling the Accretion of High-Velocity Clouds from a Rotating Halo
• Simulating High-Velocity Clouds in the Observational Plane: An Initial Study with the Smith Cloud
• Gamma rays from reaccelerated cosmic rays in high velocity clouds colliding with the Galactic disk
• Constraints on cosmic rays in the Milky Way circumgalactic medium from OVIII observations