The First Measurement of Spectral Lines in a Short-Period Star Bound to the Galaxy's Central Black Hole: A Paradox of Youth

Abstract

We have obtained the first detection of spectral absorption lines in one of the high-velocity stars in the vicinity of the Galaxy's central supermassive black hole. Both Brgamma (2.1661 micron) and He I (2.1126 micron) are seen in absorption in S0-2 with equivalent widths (2.8+-0.3 Ang & 1.7+-0.4 Ang) and an inferred stellar rotational velocity (220+-40 km/s) that are consistent with that of an O8-B0 dwarf, which suggests that it is a massive (~15 Msun), young (<10 Myr) main sequence star. This presents a major challenge to star formation theories, given the strong tidal forces that prevail over all distances reached by S0-2 in its current orbit (130 - 1900 AU) and the difficulty in migrating this star inward during its lifetime from further out where tidal forces should no longer preclude star formation. The radial velocity measurements (-510+-40 km/s) and our reported proper motions for S0-2 strongly constrain its orbit, providing a direct measure of the black hole mass of 4.1(+-0.6)x10^6(Ro/8kpc)^3 Msun. The Keplerian orbit parameters have uncertainities that are reduced by a factor of 2-3 compared to previously reported values and include, for the first time, an independent solution for the dynamical center; this location, while consistent with the nominal infrared position of Sgr A*, is localized to a factor of 5 more precisely (+-2 milli-arcsec). Furthermore, the ambiguity in the inclination of the orbit is resolved with the addition of the radial velocity measurement, indicating that the star is behind the black hole at the time of closest approach and counter-revolving against the Galaxy. With further radial velocity measurements in the next few years, the orbit of S0-2 will provide the most robust estimate of the distance to the Galactic Center.

14 pages, Latex, Accepted for Publication in ApJ Letters

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• The Evaporating Massive Embedded Stellar Cluster IRS 13 Close to Sgr A*. II. Kinematic structure
• Exploring the presence of a fifth force at the Galactic Center
• The Effects of Tilt on the Time Variability of Millimeter and Infrared Emission from Sagittarius A*
• The impact of gravitational lensing in the reconstruction of stellar orbits around Sgr A*
• Close stars and accretion in Low Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei
• Atomic X-ray Spectroscopy of Accreting Black Holes
• Re-Examination of Globally Flat Space-Time
• The LLAGN in the centre of the Galaxy
• Exploring High-Velocity NH_3(6,6) Emission at the Center of our Galaxy
• Sculpting the Stellar Cusp in the Galactic Center
• Tidal disruption of stellar clusters and their remnants' spatial distribution near the galactic center
• Constraining a disformal Schwarzschild black hole in DHOST theories with the orbit of the S2 star
• Model Atmospheres for Irradiated Giant Stars: Implications for the Galactic Center
• Resonant Relaxation near the Massive Black Hole in the Galactic Center
• The S stars' zone of avoidance in the Galactic center
• New Evidence for a Flux-independent Spectral Index of Sgr A* in the Near-infrared
• Trigonometric parallax and proper motion of Sagittarius A* measured by VERA using the new broad-band back-end system OCTAVE-DAS
• High precision numerical sequences of rotating hairy black holes
• An adaptive scheduling tool to optimize measurements to reach a scientific objective: methodology and application to the measurements of stellar orbits in the Galactic Center
• The contribution of young core-collapse supernova remnants to the X-ray emission near quiescent supermassive black holes
• Revisiting Stellar Orbits and the Sgr A${}^{\ast }$ Quadrupole Moment
• Radial Velocity Measurements of an Orbiting Star Around Sgr A*
• Deviation in stellar trajectory induced by asymmetry in partial tidal disruption
• Never bet against Einstein
• A cool disk in the Galactic Center?
• Sgr A* as probe of the theory of supermassive compact objects without event horizon
• High-spectral resolution M-band observations of CO Rot-Vib absorption lines towards the Galactic center
• Doppler Boosting of the S-stars in the Galactic Center
• Galaxy dynamics tracing quantum cosmology beyond $\Lambda$CDM below the de Sitter scale of acceleration
• The Effect of Dark Matter on Stars at the Galactic Center: The Paradox of Youth Problem
• Relatively complicated? Using models to teach general relativity at different levels
• One of Everything: The Breakthrough Listen Exotica Catalog
• Masers as Probes of Massive Star Formation in the Nuclear Disk
• The secular evolution of a uniform density star cluster immersed in a compressible galactic tidal field
• Star formation in the central 0.5 pc of the Milky Way
• Reference Frame in General Relativity
• Black holes in the expanding Universe
• Detectability of dark matter density distribution via gravitational waves from binary black holes in the Galactic center
• Resonant interactions from dynamical perturbers on generic orbits around an extreme mass ratio inspiral
• Gravitational wave scintillation by a stellar cluster
• On the Missing Red Giants near the Galactic Center
• Testing black hole space-times with the S2 star orbit: a Bayesian comparison
• Accelerations of stars in central 2-7 arcsec from Sgr A*
• Radio Variability of the Sagittarius ${\mathrm{A}}^{\ast }$ due to an Orbiting Star
• Observations of the 86 GHz SiO maser sources in the Central Parsec of the Galactic Centre
• Stability of planetary systems within the S-star cluster: the Solar system analogues
• Discovery of a Dense Association of Stars in the Vicinity of the Supermassive Black Hole Sgr A*
• Gas Inflow and Star Formation near Supermassive Black Holes: The Role of Nuclear Activity
• Formation and Evolution of Supermassive Black Holes
• Black holes and the supermassive compact object at the Galactic center: multi-arts of thought and nature
• Impact of a granular mass distribution on the orbit of S2 in the Galactic center
• The effects of the spin and quadrupole moment of SgrA* on the orbits of S stars
• Analytic Post-Newtonian Astrometric and Spectroscopic Models of Orbits around Black Holes
• The Near-Infrared Spectrum of the Nuclear Star Cluster: Looking Below the Tip of the Iceberg and Comparisons with Extragalactic Nuclei
• Instruments on large optical telescopes -- A case study
• The Galactic Center
• Detecting Black Hole Occultations by Stars with Space Interferometric Telescopes
• Locating the VHE source in the Galactic Centre with milli-arcsecond accuracy
• A proposal for enhancing technosignature search toward the Galactic center
• Fake plunges are very eccentric real EMRIs in disguise ... they dominate the rates and are blissfully ignorant of angular momentum barriers
• The gas streamer G1-2-3 in the Galactic Center
• Interaction of Stars Hosting Planets with Sgr A* Black hole
• Lorentz Transformation and General Covariance Principle
• Tidal phenomena in the Galactic Center: The curious case of X7
• Merger of Black Holes in the Galactic Center
• The Milky Way's nuclear star cluster and massive black hole
• Polarimetric Imaging of Sgr A* in its Flaring State
• The Fate of Binary Stars Hosting Planets upon Interaction with Sgr A* Black hole
• The dynamics of S-stars and G-sources orbiting a supermassive compact object made of fermionic dark matter
• Crossing the dark matter soliton core: a possible reversed orbital precession
• Kinetic Effects on Turbulence Driven by the Magnetorotational Instability in Black Hole Accretion
• Galactic Nuclei and Jets in Wave Gravity
• Top-heavy stellar mass distribution in galactic nuclei inferred from the universally high abundance ratio of [Fe/Mg]
• Thermomagnetic Ettingshausen-Nernst effect in tachocline, magnetic reconnection phenomenon in lower layers, axion mechanism of solar luminosity variations, coronal heating problem solution and mechanism of ADM variations around BH
• Black Hole Survival Guide: Searching for Stars in the Galactic Center That Endure Partial Tidal Disruption
• Revisiting the Evolutionary Status of Massive Stars at the central parsec of the Milky Way
• A solution to the paradox of youth in the Galactic centre
• Implication of spin constraints by the Event Horizon Telescope on stellar orbits in the Galactic Center
• Composition of the galactic center star cluster: Population analysis from adaptive optics narrow band spectral energy distributions