Geodesy and metrology with a transportable optical clock

Abstract

The advent of novel measurement instrumentation can lead to paradigm shifts in scientific research. Optical atomic clocks, due to their unprecedented stability and uncertainty, are already being used to test physical theories and herald a revision of the International System of units (SI). However, to unlock their potential for cross-disciplinary applications such as relativistic geodesy, a major challenge remains. This is their transformation from highly specialized instruments restricted to national metrology laboratories into flexible devices deployable in different locations. Here we report the first field measurement campaign performed with a ubiquitously applicable ${}^{87}$Sr optical lattice clock. We use it to determine the gravity potential difference between the middle of a mountain and a location 90 km apart, exploiting both local and remote clock comparisons to eliminate potential clock errors. A local comparison with a ${}^{171}$Yb lattice clock also serves as an important check on the international consistency of independently developed optical clocks. This campaign demonstrates the exciting prospects for transportable optical clocks.

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• A transportable optical lattice clock with $7\times 10^{-17}$ uncertainty
• Frequency ratio of Yb and Sr clocks with $5\times 10^{-17}$ uncertainty at 150 s averaging time
• ${}^{87}$Sr lattice clock with inaccuracy below 10${}^{-15}$
• A strontium lattice clock with $3\times 10^{-17}$ inaccuracy and its frequency
• Coherent optical frequency transfer at 5e-19 over a doubled 642 km fiber link
• Rabi Spectroscopy and Excitation Inhomogeneity in a 1D Optical Lattice Clock
• Ultra-precise measurement of optical frequency ratios
• The absolute frequency of the 87Sr optical clock transition
• High accuracy correction of blackbody radiation shift in an optical lattice clock
• Blackbody radiation shift in the Sr optical atomic clock
• Lattice Induced Frequency Shifts in Sr Optical Lattice Clocks at the $10^{-17}$ Level
• Realization of a time-scale with an accurate optical lattice clock
• High accuracy measure of atomic polarizability in an optical lattice clock
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• An Optical Lattice Clock with Spin-polarized 87Sr Atoms
• Optical to microwave clock frequency ratios with a nearly continuous strontium optical lattice clock
• Development of a strontium optical lattice clock for the SOC mission on the ISS
• A transportable 40Ca+ single-ion clock with $7.7\times 10^{-17}$ systematic uncertainty
• Noise and instability of an optical lattice clock
• Frequency ratios of Sr, Yb and Hg based optical lattice clocks and their applications
• Direct comparison of a Ca+ single ion clock against a Sr optical lattice clock
• Eavesdropping time and frequency: phase noise cancellation along a time-varying path, such as an optical fiber
• Absolute frequency measurement of the 1S0 - 3P0 transition of 171Yb
• A cavity-stabilized laser with acceleration sensitivity below $10^{-12}$/g
• Direct comparison of optical lattice clocks with an intercontinental baseline of 9 000 km
• Stability Transfer between Two Clock Lasers Operating at Different Wavelengths for Absolute Frequency Measurement of Clock Transition in 87Sr
• SI-traceable measurement of an optical frequency at low $10^{-16}$ level without a local primary standard
• Spectroscopy and frequency measurement of the ${}^{87}$Sr clock transition by laser linewidth transfer using an optical frequency comb
• Frequency ratio measurement of 171Yb and 87Sr optical lattice clocks
• Improved Absolute Frequency Measurement of the 171Yb Optical Lattice Clock at KRISS Relative to the SI Second
• Least-squares analysis of clock frequency comparison data to deduce optimized frequency and frequency ratio values
• Absolute frequency measurement with uncertainty below $1\times 10^{-15}$ using International Atomic Time
• Improved frequency measurement of the ${}^1{S}_0$-${}^3{P}_0$ clock transition in ${}^{87}$Sr using the Cs fountain clock at NMIJ as a transfer oscillator
• Spin-1/2 Optical Lattice Clock

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• High precision differential clock comparisons with a multiplexed optical lattice clock
• 2000-times repeated imaging of strontium atoms in clock-magic tweezer arrays
• A high-performance optical lattice clock based on bosonic atoms
• The Missing Link in Gravitational-Wave Astronomy: Discoveries waiting in the decihertz range
• Coherent phase transfer for real-world twin-field quantum key distribution
• Roadmap towards the redefinition of the second
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• A Dielectric Metasurface Optical Chip for the Generation of Cold Atoms
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• Inner-shell clock transition in atomic thulium with small BBR shift
• Quantum Variational Optimization of Ramsey Interferometry and Atomic Clocks
• Femtosecond Synchronization of Optical Clocks Off of a Flying Quadcopter
• Continuous Bose-Einstein condensation
• Point-to-Point Stabilised Optical Frequency Transfer with Active Optics
• Miniaturized optical frequency standard for next-generation portable optical clocks
• Narrow-line Cooling and Determination of Magic Wavelength of Cd
• Quantum Technologies in the Telecommunications Industry
• Improving cold-atom sensors with quantum entanglement: Prospects and challenges
• Lattice-induced photon scattering in an optical lattice clock
• Towards a Transportable Aluminium Ion Quantum Logic Optical Clock
• Femtosecond Optical Two-Way Time-Frequency Transfer in the Presence of Motion
• Prospects and challenges for squeezing-enhanced optical atomic clocks
• Compact 459 nm Cs cell optical frequency standard with $2.1\times {10}^{-13}/\sqrt{\tau }$ short-term stability
• Optical frequency ratio of a ${}^{171}{\mathrm{Yb}}^{+}$ single-ion clock and a ${}^{87}\mathrm{Sr}$ lattice clock
• Cold-atom clock based on a diffractive optic
• A highly stable monolithic enhancement cavity for SHG generation in the UV
• A strontium optical lattice clock with $1\times 10^{-17}$ uncertainty and measurement of its absolute frequency
• The unit of time: present and future directions
• Optically synchronized fiber links with spectrally pure integrated lasers
• Metasurface Holographic Optical Traps for Ultracold Atoms
• Stand-alone vacuum cell for compact ultracold quantum technologies
• ${}^{115}$In${}^{+}$-${}^{172}$Yb${}^{+}$ Coulomb crystal clock with $2.5\times 10^{-18}$ systematic uncertainty
• Cavity-QED determination of the natural linewidth of the ${}^{87}$Sr millihertz clock transition with 30$\mu$Hz resolution
• Absolute frequency measurement of the 171Yb optical lattice clock at KRISS using TAI for over a year
• SI-traceable frequency dissemination at 1572.06 nm in a stabilized fiber network with ring topology
• Demonstration of the nearly continuous operation of an ${}^{171}$Yb optical lattice clock for half a year
• Cavity-enhanced optical lattices for scaling neutral atom quantum technologies to higher qubit numbers
• Advanced light-shift compensation protocol in a continuous-wave microcell atomic clock
• A transportable interrogation laser system with an instability of $\mathrm{mod}{\sigma }_{\mathrm{y}}=3\times 10^{-16}$
• Entanglement-Enhanced Optical Atomic Clocks
• Combining fiber Brillouin amplification with a repeater laser station for fiber-based optical frequency dissemination over 1400 km
• New bounds on macroscopic scalar-field topological defects from non-transient signatures due to environmental dependence and spatial variations of the fundamental constants
• Limits and prospects for long-baseline optical fiber interferometry
• Long-distance chronometric leveling with a portable optical clock
• Passive Optical Phase Noise Cancellation
• Ab initio quantum theory of mass defect and time dilation in trapped-ion optical clocks
• Robust optical clock transitions in trapped ions
• Optical Atomic Clock Comparison through Turbulent Air
• Optomechanical resonator-enhanced atom interferometry
• Trapping of Single Atoms in Metasurface Optical Tweezer Arrays
• Chronometric geodesy: methods and applications
• Uncertainty evaluation of an ${}^{171}$Yb optical lattice clock at NMIJ
• Reduction of light shifts in Ramsey spectroscopy with a combined error signal
• Combined error signal in Ramsey spectroscopy of clock transitions
• Simultaneous two initial clock states preparation for thulium optical clock
• A scalable hardware and software control apparatus for experiments with hybrid quantum systems
• A high-flux, adjustable, compact cold-atom source
• Bosonic pair production and squeezing for optical phase measurements in long-lived dipoles coupled to a cavity
• Absolute frequency measurement of the 87Sr optical lattice clock at NTSC using International Atomic Time
• Dicke State Generation and Extreme Spin Squeezing via Rapid Adiabatic Passage
• A New Clock Transition with the Highest Sensitivity to $\alpha$ Variation and Simultaneous Magic Trapping Conditions with Other Clock Transitions in Yb
• Improved Frequency Ratio Measurement with 87Sr and 171Yb Optical Lattice Clocks at NMIJ
• Coordinated international comparisons between optical clocks connected via fiber and satellite links
• Dipole-dipole frequency shifts in multilevel atoms
• Demonstration of a Mobile Optical Clock Ensemble at Sea
• Intensity interferometry for ultralight bosonic dark matter detection
• Dual-Mode Operation of an Optical Lattice Clock Using Strontium and Ytterbium Atoms
• Branching optical frequency transfer with enhanced post automatic phase noise cancellation
• Embedded Control System for Mobile Atom Interferometers
• Multi-node optical frequency dissemination with post automatic phase correction
• An extended-cavity diode laser at 497 nm for laser cooling and trapping of neutral strontium
• Relativistic tidal effects on clock-comparison experiments
• Atom-Number Enhancement by Shielding Atoms from Losses in Strontium Magneto-Optical Traps
• Absolute frequency measurement of a Yb optical clock at the limit of the Cs fountain
• Modeling motional energy spectra and lattice light shifts in optical lattice clocks
• Optically loaded Strontium lattice clock with a single multi-wavelength reference cavity
• Embedded digital phase noise analyzer for optical frequency metrology
• Passive Optical Phase Stabilization on a Ring Fiber Network
• Novel repumping on ${}^3$P${}_0$$\to$${}^3$D${}_1$ for Sr magneto-optical trap and Landé g factor measurement of ${}^3$D${}_1$
• Magic polarization for light shift cancellation in two-photon optical clocks
• Precision measurements with cold atoms and trapped ions
• A steady-state magneto-optical trap of fermionic strontium on a narrow-line transition
• Weakly gravitating isotropic waveguides
• Excited-Band Coherent Delocalization for Improved Optical Lattice Clock Performance
• GHZ protocols enhance frequency metrology despite spontaneous decay
• Observations of coherence de Broglie waves
• Demonstration of chronometric leveling using transportable optical clocks beyond laser coherence limit
• The Relativistic Geoid: Gravity Potential and Relativistic Effects
• Sub-kelvin temperature management in ion traps for optical clocks
• Optimal binary gratings for multi-wavelength magneto-optical traps
• Preliminary Sensitivity Study for a Gravitational Redshift Measurement with China's Lunar Exploration Project
• Generation of a precise time scale assisted by a near-continuously operating optical lattice clock
• Efficient preparation of Dicke states
• BASE-STEP: A transportable antiproton reservoir for fundamental interaction studies
• Experimental and theoretical study of dynamic polarizabilities in the $5S_{1/2}$-$5D_{5/2}$ clock transition in rubidium-87 and determination of E1 matrix elements
• Vapor-cell frequency reference for short-wavelength transitions in neutral calcium
• 10${}^{-15}$-level laser stabilization down to fiber thermal noise limit using self-homodyne detection
• Optimal Ramsey interferometry with echo protocols based on one-axis twisting
• Absolute frequency measurements with a robust, transportable ^{40}Ca^{+} optical clock
• Node-downloadable frequency transfer system based on a mode-locked laser with over 100 km of fiber
• Bi-frequency illumination: a quantum-enhanced protocol
• Studies of thorium and ytterbium ion trap loading from laser ablation for gravity monitoring with nuclear clocks
• Toward a quantum-enhanced strontium optical lattice clock at INRIM
• Review and experimental benchmarking of machine learning algorithms for efficient optimization of cold atom experiments
• Ratchet Loading and Multi-Ensemble Operation in an Optical Lattice Clock
• Wavefront Curvature in Optical Atomic Beam Clocks
• Enhanced phase noise reduction in localized two-way optical frequency comparison
• Quantum signatures of proper time in optical ion clocks
• Laser-induced thermal source for cold atoms
• Demonstration of Real-Time Precision Optical Time Synchronization in a True Three-Node Architecture
• Towards Adoption of an Optical Second: Verifying Optical Clocks at the SI Limit
• Coupling atoms to cavities with narrow linewidth optical transitions: Applications to frequency metrology
• Limitation of single-repumping schemes for laser cooling of Sr atoms
• Cold Atoms in Space: Community Workshop Summary and Proposed Road-Map
• Lifetime measurement of the 5s5p 1P1 state in strontium
• Collinear Three-Photon Excitation of a Strongly Forbidden Optical Clock Transition
• Gallium-nitride-based interference-filter-stabilized external cavity diode laser with a surface-activated-bonded output coupler
• Exploiting complex 3D-printed surface structures for portable quantum technologies
• Ab initio studies of the ground and first excited states of the Sr-H${}_2$ and Yb-H${}_2$ complexes
• Improved absolute frequency measurement of ${}^{171}$Yb at NMIJ with uncertainty below $2\times 10^{-16}$
• Photoionization cross sections of ultracold ${}^{88}$Sr in ${}^1$P${}_1$ and ${}^3$S${}_1$ states at 390 nm and the resulting blue-detuned magic wavelength optical lattice clock constraints
• A High-frequency Geodetic VLBI Experiment for Optical Clock Comparison
• Direct loading of a Sr magneto-optical trap from a thermal atomic beam
• Sub-Doppler cooling of bosonic strontium in a two-color MOT
• E-21 Level Instability Frequency Dissemination over 2067 km noisy Telecommunication Infrastructure
• Bayesian Frequency Metrology with Optimal Ramsey Interferometry in Optical Atomic Clocks
• Highly angular resolving beam separator based on total internal reflection
• Generating 500 mW for laser cooling of strontium atoms by injection locking a high power laser diode
• Robust optical frequency transfer in a noisy urban fiber network
• High-Power, Fiber-Laser-Based Source for Magic-Wavelength Trapping in Neutral-Atom Optical Clocks
• Superradiant active optical atomic clocks: motivations and current challenges
• International Optical Clock Comparison Using the European Optical Fiber Network
• Ultra-wideband free-space optical phase stabilisation
• Improving the Q factor of an optical atomic clock using quantum non-demolition measurement
• MACOR glass-ceramic based UHV cell for quantum technology applications
• Gravity field modeling using space frequency signal transfer technique between satellites
• Preliminary experimental results of determining the geopotential difference between two synchronized portable hydrogen clocks at different locations
• Extraordinary low systematic frequency shifts in bi-colour thulium optical clock
• Probing New Forces with Nuclear Clocks
• Preliminary characterization of a surface electrode Paul trap for frequency metrology
• Non-Markovianity-based ultrasensitive parameter estimation
• Dynamic decoupling of laser phase noise in compound atomic clocks
• Unification of global height system at centimeter level using precise frequency signal links