Direct comparison of optical lattice clocks with an intercontinental baseline of 9 000 km

Abstract

We have demonstrated a direct frequency comparison between two ${}^{87}\mathrm{Sr}$ lattice clocks operated in intercontinentally separated laboratories in real time. Two-way satellite time and frequency transfer technique based on the carrier phase was employed for a direct comparison with a baseline of 9 000 km between Japan and Germany. A clock comparison was achieved for 83 640 s resulting in a fractional difference of $(1.1\pm 1.6)\times 10^{-15}$, where the statistical part is the biggest contribution to the uncertainty. This measurement directly confirms the agreement of the two optical clocks on an intercontinental scale.

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