The stellar and sub-stellar IMF of simple and composite populations

Abstract

The current knowledge on the stellar IMF is documented. It appears to become top-heavy when the star-formation rate density surpasses about 0.1Msun/(yr pc^3) on a pc scale and it may become increasingly bottom-heavy with increasing metallicity and in increasingly massive early-type galaxies. It declines quite steeply below about 0.07Msun with brown dwarfs (BDs) and very low mass stars having their own IMF. The most massive star of mass mmax formed in an embedded cluster with stellar mass Mecl correlates strongly with Mecl being a result of gravitation-driven but resource-limited growth and fragmentation induced starvation. There is no convincing evidence whatsoever that massive stars do form in isolation. Various methods of discretising a stellar population are introduced: optimal sampling leads to a mass distribution that perfectly represents the exact form of the desired IMF and the mmax-to-Mecl relation, while random sampling results in statistical variations of the shape of the IMF. The observed mmax-to-Mecl correlation and the small spread of IMF power-law indices together suggest that optimally sampling the IMF may be the more realistic description of star formation than random sampling from a universal IMF with a constant upper mass limit. Composite populations on galaxy scales, which are formed from many pc scale star formation events, need to be described by the integrated galactic IMF. This IGIMF varies systematically from top-light to top-heavy in dependence of galaxy type and star formation rate, with dramatic implications for theories of galaxy formation and evolution.

167 pages, 37 figures, 3 tables, published in Stellar Systems and Galactic Structure, Vol.5, Springer. This revised version is consistent with the published version and includes additional references and minor additions to the text as well as a recomputed Table 1. ISBN 978-90-481-8817-8

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• On the inconsistency between cosmic stellar mass density and star formation rate up to $z\sim 8$
• The Salpeter IMF and its descendants
• Open clusters and associations in the Gaia era
• The impact of massive stars and black holes on the fate of open star clusters and their tidal streams
• Constraints on the star formation histories of galaxies in the Local Cosmological Volume
• ALMA-IMF. VII. First release of the full spectral line cubes: Core kinematics traced by DCN J=(3-2)
• Testing the Turbulent Origin of the Stellar Initial Mass Function
• Do ultra compact dwarf galaxies form monolithically or as merged star cluster complexes?
• The effect of the environment-dependent stellar initial mass function on the photometric properties of star-forming galaxies
• New Insight into the stellar mass function of Galactic globular clusters
• Simulations of star forming main sequence galaxies in Milgromian gravity
• Implementation of stellar heating feedback in simulations of star cluster formation: effects on the initial mass function
• Investigating the rotational evolution of young, low mass stars using Monte Carlo simulations
• Evolution of galaxy habitability
• The Lifetimes of Star Clusters Born with a Top-heavy IMF
• The black hole retention fraction in star clusters
• The gravitational capture of compact objects by massive black holes
• On the origin of the peak of the stellar initial mass function: exploring the tidal screening theory
• A wide planetary-mass companion to a young low-mass brown dwarf in Ophiuchus
• Disc cloaking: Establishing a lower limit to the number density of local compact massive spheroids/bulges and the potential fate of some high-z red nuggets
• On the absence of symbiotic stars in globular clusters
• ALMA-IMF X -- The core population in the evolved W33-Main (G012.80) protocluster
• Gravitational waves from mergers of Population III binary black holes: roles played by two evolution channels
• Berkeley 94 and Berkeley 96: Two Young Clusters with Different Dynamical Evolution
• Homing in on Polaris: A 7 M${}_{\odot }$ first-overtone Cepheid entering the instability strip for the first time
• Evidence of an age gradient along the line of sight in the nuclear stellar disc of the Milky Way
• Formation of long-period post-common-envelope binaries I. No extra energy is needed to explain oxygen-neon white dwarfs paired with AFGK-type main-sequence stars
• LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA's Oldest Black Holes: Probing star formation at cosmic noon with GWTC-3
• Synthetic photometry of OB star clusters with stochastically sampled IMFs: analysis of models and HST observations
• Constraining the Thin Disc Initial Mass Function using Galactic Classical Cepheids
• A Monte Carlo study of early gas expulsion and evolution of star clusters: new simulations with the MOCCA code in the AMUSE framework
• The giants that were born swiftly -- Implications of the top-heavy stellar initial mass function on the birth conditions of globular clusters
• MOCCA code for star cluster simulations - V. Initial globular cluster conditions influence on blue stragglers
• The galaxy-wide stellar initial mass function in the presence of cluster-to-cluster IMF variations
• The Kennicutt-Schmidt law and the main sequence of galaxies in Newtonian and Milgromian dynamics
• Should I Stay or Should I Go: Stellar Wind Retention and Expulsion in Massive Star Clusters
• Supernova Ejecta in Ocean Cores Used as Time Constraints for Nearby Stellar Groups
• Star formation within globular clusters:discrete multiple bursts and top-light mass functions
• s-process Enirchment of Ultrafaint Dwarf Galaxies
• Mass Segregation in Eccentric Nuclear Disks: Enhanced Tidal Disruption Event Rates for High Mass Stars
• Embedded Clusters
• How many explosions does one need? -- Quantifying supernovae in globular clusters from iron abundance spreads
• The Rich Lack Close Neighbours: The Dependence of Blue-Straggler Fraction on Metallicity
• M-dwarf binaries as tracers of star and brown dwarf formation
• A Preferential Attachment Model for the Stellar Initial Mass Function
• A discontinuity in the luminosity-mass relation and fluctuations in the evolutionary tracks of low-mass and low-metallicity stars at the Gaia M-dwarf gap
• Near-infrared chemical abundances of stars in the Sculptor dwarf galaxy
• Properties of the dense cores and filamentary structures in the Vela C molecular cloud
• Primordial mass segregation of star clusters with primordial binaries
• Galactic Population Synthesis of Radioactive Nucleosynthesis Ejecta
• IRAS 18153-1651: an H II region with a possible wind bubble blown by a young main-sequence B star
• Stellar population synthesis models with a physically varying IMF
• An APEX search for carbon emission from NGC 1977 proplyds
• Recovery of the low- and high-mass end slopes of the IMF in massive early-type galaxies using detailed elemental abundances
• Are Over-massive Haloes of Ultra Diffuse Galaxies Consistent with Extended MOND?
• Uniform Modelling of the Stellar Density of Thirteen Tidal Streams within the Galactic Halo
• Simple interpolation functions for the galaxy-wide stellar initial mass function and its effects in early-type galaxies
• GalaPy, the highly optimised C++/Python spectral modelling tool for galaxies -- I. Library presentation and photometric fitting
• Lower mass normalization of the stellar initial mass function for dense massive early-type galaxies at z ~ 1.4
• X-raying the Sco-Cen OB association: The low-mass stellar population revealed by eROSITA
• A possible solution to the Milky Way's binary-deficient retrograde stellar population. Evidence that $\omega$ Centauri has formed in an extreme starburst
• Variation of the stellar initial mass function in semi-analytical models III: testing the cosmic ray regulated integrated galaxy-wide initial mass function
• The High Mass Slope of the IMF
• Probing the filamentary nature of star formation in the California giant molecular cloud
• The stellar mass function and efficiency of galaxy formation with a varying initial mass function
• Faint Stars in a Faint Galaxy: I. Ultra Deep Photometry of the Boötes I Ultra Faint Dwarf Galaxy
• Using binary statistics in Taurus-Auriga to distinguish between brown dwarf formation processes
• Double stars with wide separations in the AGK3 - II. The wide binaries and the multiple systems
• Impact of star formation models on the growth of simulated galaxies at high redshifts
• On the dynamical evolution of Cepheid multiplicity in star clusters and its implications for B-star multiplicity at birth
• Modeling Gas Evacuation Mechanisms in Present-Day Globular Clusters: Stellar Winds from Evolved Stars and Pulsar Heating
• Chemical enrichment in groups and clusters
• The influence of the cloud virial parameter on the initial mass function
• Investigating the rotational evolution of very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs in young clusters using Monte Carlo simulations
• IMF-induced intrinsic uncertainties on measuring galaxy distances based on the number of giant stars: the case of the ultra-diffuse galaxy NGC 1052-DF2
• Effects of physical conditions on the stellar initial mass function: The low-metallicity star-forming region Sh 2-209
• Compact object populations over cosmic time II. Compact object merger rates and masses over redshift from varying initial conditions
• Exploring the Stellar Rotation of Early-type Stars in the LAMOST Medium-resolution Survey. III. Evolution
• Pairing function of visual binary stars
• New ultracool dwarf candidates from multi-epoch WISE data
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Unveiling the baryon evolution in the ISM of $z\sim 5$ star-forming galaxies
• Explaining the stellar initial mass function with the theory of spatial networks
• The systematically varying stellar IMF
• S-Process Nucleosynthesis in Chemically Peculiar Binaries
• The convective kissing instability in low-mass M-dwarf models: convective overshooting, semi-convection, luminosity functions, surface abundances and star cluster age dating
• Gravitational wave background from primordial black holes in globular clusters
• Kinematics And Ellipsoidal Motion Of The Mid To Late M-Type Stars
• Dark Star Clusters or Ultra-Faint Dwarf galaxies? Revisiting UMa3/U1
• Co-evolution of Nuclear Star Clusters and Massive Black Holes: Extreme Mass-Ratio Inspirals
• Stellar initial mass function in the 100-pc solar neighbourhood
• Compact object populations over cosmic time I. BOSSA: a Binary Object environment-Sensitive Sampling Algorithm
• The star formation timescale of elliptical galaxies -- Fitting [Mg/Fe] and total metallicity simultaneously
• Bounds on ALP-Mediated Dark Matter Models from Celestial Objects
• The impact of rare events on the chemical enrichment in dwarf galaxies
• When did the initial mass function become bottom-heavy?
• Effects of a non-universal IMF and binary parameter correlations on compact binary mergers
• SDSS-IV MaStar: Determination of Stellar Parameters Using Bayesian Averaging
• The mmax-Mecl relation in the LEGUS clusters
• The fragmentation properties of massive star-forming regions in 30Dor-10 at 2000 au resolution
• The reason for the occurrence of W-type contact binaries
• Downsizing revised: Star formation timescales for elliptical galaxies with an environment-dependent IMF and number of SNIa
• On the coupled origin of the stellar IMF and multiplicity
• Star Formation Beyond the Optical Disk : The Low-Density Outskirts of NGC2090