The Second Catalog of Active Galactic Nuclei Detected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope

Abstract

The second catalog of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) detected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) in two years of scientific operation is presented. The Second LAT AGN Catalog (2LAC) includes 1017 gamma-ray sources located at high Galactic latitudes (|b|>10°) that are detected with a test statistic greater than 25 and associated statistically with AGNs. However some of these are affected by analysis issues and some are associated with multiple AGNs. Consequently we define a clean sample which includes 886 AGNs, comprising 395 BL Lacertae objects (BL Lacs), 310 flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs), 157 candidate blazars of unknown type (i.e., with broad-band blazar characteristics but with no optical spectral measurement yet), eight misaligned AGNs, four narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLS1s), 10 AGNs of other types and two starburst galaxies. Where possible, the blazars have been further classified based on their spectral energy distributions (SEDs) as archival radio, optical, and X-ray data permit. While almost all FSRQs have a synchrotron-peak frequency 10^14 Hz, about half of the BL Lacs have a synchrotron-peak frequency >10^15 Hz. The 2LAC represents a significant improvement relative to the First LAT AGN Catalog (1LAC), with 52% more associated sources. The full characterization of the newly detected sources will require more broad-band data. Various properties, such as gamma-ray fluxes and photon power law spectral indices, redshifts, gamma-ray luminosities, variability, and archival radio luminosities---and their correlations are presented and discussed for the different blazar classes. The general trends observed in 1LAC are confirmed.

Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal. 103 pages, 45 figures, 9 tables. Full tables are available at http://www.asdc.asi.it/fermi2lac/

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• The hadronic origin of hard gamma-ray spectrum from blazar 1ES 1101-232
• Astrophysical ZeV acceleration in the relativistic jet from an accreting supermassive blackhole
• Optical and Radio variability of the Northern VHE gamma-ray emitting BL Lac objects
• Long term observations of B2 1215+30 with VERITAS
• Constraining the Physical Conditions in the Jets of Gamma-Ray Flaring Blazars using Centimeter-Band Polarimetry and Radiative Transfer Simulations. I. Data and Models for 0420-014, OJ 287, and 1156+295
• Fermi-LAT gamma-ray anisotropy and intensity explained by unresolved Radio-Loud Active Galactic Nuclei
• A Broadband Spectro-polarimetric View of the NVSS Rotation Measure Catalogue I: Breaking the nπ-ambiguity
• Near-Equipartition Jets with Log-Parabola Electron Energy Distribution and the Blazar Spectral-Index Diagrams
• Long term γ -ray variability of blazars
• Multiwavelength variability study and search for periodicity of PKS 1510-089
• X-ray absorption towards high-redshift sources: probing the intergalactic medium with blazars
• Implications of Plasma Beam Instabilities for the Statistics of the Fermi Hard Gamma-ray Blazars and the Origin of the Extragalactic Gamma-Ray Background
• The deep look onto the hard X-ray sky: The Swift - INTEGRAL X-ray (SIX) survey
• Peak of spectral energy distribution play an important role in intra-day variability of Blazars?
• Testing gamma-ray models of blazars in the extragalactic sky
• Non-variable TeV emission from the extended jet of a blazar in the stochastic acceleration scenario: the case of the hard TeV emission of 1ES 1101-232
• One-point fluctuation analysis of the high-energy neutrino sky
• Spectroscopy of Optically Selected BL Lac Objects and their gamma-ray emission
• Discovery of gamma-ray emission from the Broad Line Radio Galaxy Pictor A
• Fermi Monitoring of Radio-loud Narrow Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies
• Searching for $\gamma$-ray signature in WHSP blazars: Fermi-LAT detection of 150 excess signal in the 0.3-500 GeV band
• Discovery of high and very high-energy emission from the BL Lac object SHBL J001355.9-185406
• The broad-band properties of the intermediate synchrotron peaked BL Lac S2 0109+22 from radio to VHE gamma rays
• Search for Astrophysical Neutrinos from 1FLE Blazars with IceCube
• Parameter constraints in a near-equipartition model with multi-frequency \emph{NuSTAR}, \emph{Swift} and \emph{Fermi-LAT} data from 3C 279
• Exploring the relation between (sub-)millimeter radiation and gamma-ray emission in blazars with Planck and Fermi
• Starburst-AGN mixing: TYPHOON observations of NGC 1365, NGC 1068, and the effect of spatial resolution on the AGN fraction
• The sequence of Compton dominance in blazars based on data from WISE and Fermi/LAT
• Exploring the multiband emission of TXS 0536+145: the most distant gamma-ray flaring blazar
• Suzaku X-ray Follow-up Observations of Seven Unassociated Fermi-LAT Gamma-ray Sources at High Galactic Latitudes
• Magnetization of jets in luminous blazars
• Very high energy $\gamma$-ray emission from two blazars of unknown redshift and upper limits on their distance
• A Possible 3-Year Quasi-Periodic Oscillation in γ-Ray Emission from the FSRQ S5 1044+71
• A Method to Measure the Unbiased Decorrelation Timescale of the AGN Variable Signal from Structure Functions
• The Variability and Period Analysis for the BL Lac AO 0235+164
• Catalog of Long-Term Transient Sources in the First 10 Years of Fermi-LAT Data
• Angular correlation of cosmic neutrinos with ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays and implications for their sources
• The Radio/Gamma Connection of Blazars from High to Low Radio Frequencies
• Probing the Cosmic X-ray and MeV Gamma-ray Background Radiation through the Anisotropy
• Identification of New Gamma-Ray Blazar Candidates With Multifrequency Archival Observations
• NuSTAR, Swift, and GROND observations of the flaring MeV blazar: PMN J0641$-$0320
• Suzaku X-ray Imaging of the Extended Lobe in the Giant Radio Galaxy NGC6251 Associated with the Fermi-LAT Source 2FGLJ1629.4+8236
• The central engines of two unusual radio-intermediate/quiet active galactic nuclei: III Zw 2 and PG 1407+265
• The BL-Lac gamma-ray blazar PKS 0447-439 as a probable member of a group of galaxies at z=0.343
• Signature of Inverse Compton emission from blazars
• Constraining Galactic dark matter with gamma-ray pixel counts statistics
• The physical properties of \textit{Fermi} TeV BL Lac objects jets
• Implications of the Anomalous Outburst in the Blazar PKS 0208-512
• Probing the central black hole in M87 with gamma-rays
• The estimate of emission region locations of {\it Fermi} FSRQs
• Estimating the redshift of PKS 0447-439 through its GeV-TeV emission
• A simplified view of blazars: the very high energy gamma-ray vision
• Empirical multi-wavelength prediction method for very high energy gamma-ray emitting BL Lacs
• Evaluating the classification of Fermi BCUs from the 4FGL Catalog Using Machine Learning
• Fermi-LAT and Suzaku Observations of the Radio Galaxy Centaurus B
• Curvature of the spectral energy distribution, the dominant process for inverse Compton component and other jet properties in Fermi 2LAC blazars
• Lower Limits on the Anisotropy of the Extragalactic Gamma-Ray Background implied by the 2FGL and 1FHL Catalogs
• Bow Ties in the Sky I: The Angular Structure of Inverse Compton Gamma-ray Halos in the Fermi Sky
• A redshifted Fe K$\alpha$ line from the unusual gamma-ray source PMN J1603-4904
• Statistical Analysis of the Correlation between Active Galactic Nuclei and Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays
• Studies of active galactic nuclei with CTA
• New blazars from the cross-match of recent multi-frequency catalogs
• ANTARES search for point-sources of neutrinos using astrophysical catalogs: a likelihood stacking analysis
• Detection of minute-timescale gamma-ray variability in BL Lacertae by Fermi-LAT
• High energy emission component, population, and contribution to the extragalactic gamma-ray background of gamma-ray emitting radio galaxies
• Accretion Disk MHD Winds and Blazar Classification
• Why are some BL Lacs detected by \fermi, but others not ?
• Minimal spanning tree algorithm for gamma-ray source detection in sparse photon images: cluster parameters and selection strategies
• Astrophysical interpretation of the anisotropies in the unresolved gamma-ray background
• Extremely rapid x-ray flares of tev blazars in the rxte era
• An exploration of hadronic interactions in blazars using IceCube
• Radio and Gamma-ray Properties of Extragalactic Jets from the TANAMI Sample
• Searching for new gamma-ray blazar candidates in the 3rd Palermo BAT Hard X-ray Catalog with WISE
• Search for High-Energy Neutrinos from Ultra-Luminous Infrared Galaxies with IceCube
• The MASIV Survey IV: relationship between intra-day scintillation and intrinsic variability of radio AGNs
• High redshift Fermi blazars observed by GROND and Swift
• On the Detection Potential of Blazar Flares for Current Neutrino Telescopes
• A Broadband Spectro-polarimetric View of the NVSS Rotation Measure Catalogue II: Effects of Off-axis Instrumental Polarisation
• TANAMI: Tracking Active Galactic Nuclei with Austral Milliarcsecond Interferometry - II. Additional Sources
• Gamma-ray Loudness, Synchrotron Peak Frequency, and Parsec-Scale Properties of Blazars Detected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope
• First-generation Science Cases for Ground-based Terahertz Telescopes
• Synchrotron pair halo and echo emission from blazars in the cosmic web: application to extreme TeV blazars
• The beaming effect and $\gamma$-ray emission for Fermi blazars
• Clustering of gamma-ray selected 2LAC Fermi Blazars
• Estimation of the Extragalactic Background Light using TeV Observations of BL~Lacs
• Rapid high-amplitude gamma-ray variability in Blazar PKS 0507+17
• Multi-Wavelength Observations of the Blazar 1ES 1011+496 in Spring 2008
• $\gamma$-ray observations of extraterrestrial neutrino track event positions
• S5 0716+714 : GeV variability study
• Study of correlation between optical flux and polarization variations in BL Lac objects
• Application of the MST clustering to the high energy gamma-ray sky. II - Possible detection of gamma-ray emission from blazar candidates in the 1WHSP sample
• Bow Ties in the Sky II: Searching for Gamma-ray Halos in the Fermi Sky Using Anisotropy
• On the Origin and Evolution of Curvature of the Spectral Energy Distribution of Fermi Bright Blazars
• Gamma rays, electrons and positrons up to 3 TeV with the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
• Study of the PeV Neutrino, $\gamma$-rays and UHECRs around The Lobes of Centaurus A
• FSRQ/BL Lac dichotomy as the magnetized advective accretion process around black holes: a unified classification of blazars
• TANAMI - Multiwavelength and Multimessenger Observations of Active Galaxies
• The Intrinsic $\gamma$-ray Emissions of $Fermi$ Blazars
• Optical spectroscopic classification of a selection of Southern Hemisphere Fermi-LAT unclassified blazars
• Dynamic changes of emitting electron distribution in the jet of 3C 279: signatures of acceleration and cooling
• Hunting distant BL Lacs with the photometric technique using Swift and SARA
• Detection capabilities of the Athena X-IFU for the warm-hot intergalactic medium using gamma-ray burst X-ray afterglows
• The influence of the magnetic field on the spectral properties of blazars
• A Cross-correlation Study between IceCube Neutrino Events and the Fermi Unresolved Gamma-ray Sky
• Classification of blazar candidates of unknown type in Fermi 4LAC by unanimous voting from multiple Machine Learning Algorithms
• On the origin of GeV spectral break for Fermi blazars: 3C 454.3
• Flare Duty Cycle of Gamma-Ray Blazars and Implications for High-Energy Neutrino Emission
• Evaluating Optical Classification for {\em Fermi} Blazar Candidates with a Statistical method using Broadband Spectral Indices
• Broadband study of BL Lac during flare of 2020: Spectral evolution and emergence of HBL component
• The jets-accretion relation, mass-luminosity relation in Fermi blazars
• The Dark Knight Falters
• The Highest-Energy Cosmic Rays Cannot be Dominantly Protons from Steady Sources
• On the physical association of Fermi-LAT blazars with their low-energy counterparts
• Jets, black holes and disks in blazars
• Flaring activity from magnetic reconnection in BL Lacertae
• A search for pair halos around active galactic nuclei through a temporal analysis of Fermi-LAT data
• Optical flux and spectral variability of BL Lacertae during its historical high outburst in 2020
• The nature of the multi-wavelength emission of 3C 111
• Imaging Redshift Estimates for Fermi BL Lacs
• Search for muon-neutrino emission from GeV and TeV gamma-ray flaring blazars using five years of data of the ANTARES telescope
• Multi-Frequency Study of Spectral Indices of BL Lacertae Objects and Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars
• A New Multi-Wavelength Census of Blazars
• Obscured flat spectrum radio AGN as sources of high-energy neutrinos
• B2 0954+25A: a typical Fermi blazar or a gamma-loud Narrow Line Seyfert 1
• From Radio to TeV: The surprising Spectral Energy Distribution of AP Librae
• Exploring the bulk of the BL Lac object population:1. parsec-scale radio structures
• On conservative models of "the pair-production anomaly" in blazar spectra at Very High Energies
• Fermi/LAT detection of a transient gamma-ray flare in the vicinity of the binary star DG CVn
• Multi-wavelength Variation Phenomena of PKS 0735+178 on Diverse Timescale
• Turbulent spectra of the brightest gamma-ray flares of blazars
• From the Fermi blazar sequence to the relation between Fermi blazars and gamma-ray Narrow-line Seyfert 1 Galaxies
• X-ray and Radio Follow-up Observations of High-Redshift Blazar Candidates in the Fermi-LAT Unassociated Source Population
• Discovery of gamma-ray emission from a strongly lobe-dominated quasar 3C 275.1
• Model-independent Redshift Estimation of BL Lac Objects through VHE Observations
• A complete sample of LSP blazars fully described in $\gamma$-rays. New $\gamma$-ray detections and associations with Fermi-LAT
• First detection of VHE gamma-ray emission from TXS~1515--273, study of its X-ray variability and spectral energy distribution
• Optical spectroscopic characterization of Fermi blazar candidates of uncertain type with TNG and DOT: First Results
• Near infrared and gamma-ray monitoring of TANAMI gamma-ray bright sources
• Radio Core-Dominance of Fermi-Blazars: Implication for Blazar Unification
• Blazar jets launched with similar energy per baryon, independently of their power
• The uncorrelated long term gamma-ray and X-ray variability of blazars and its implications on disk-jet coupling
• Shaping the GeV-spectra of bright blazars
• An Exceptional Radio Flare in Markarian 421
• Role of magnetically dominated disc-outflow symbiosis on bright hard-state black hole sources: ultra-luminous X-ray sources to quasars
• Radio Variability and Broad-Band Spectra of Infrared Galaxies with and without OH Megamaser Emission
• Radio spectral properties of cores and extended regions in blazars in the MHz regime
• Exploring the FRI/FRII radio dichotomy with the Fermi satellite
• Constraining duty cycles through a Bayesian technique
• Exploring the Most Extreme Gamma-Ray Blazars Using Broadband Spectral Energy Distributions
• The $\gamma$-ray emitting region in low synchrotron peak blazars. Testing self-synchrotron Compton and external Compton scenarios
• Gamma-ray-emitting quasar 0202$+$149: a CSS revisited
• Assessing coincident neutrino detections using population models
• K2 Optical Emission from OJ 287 and Other Gamma-Ray Blazars on Hours-to-Weeks Timescales from 2014-2018
• Propagation of very-high-energy $\gamma$-rays from distant blazars
• TANAMI: Tracking Active Galactic Nuclei with Austral Milliarcsecond Interferometry. III. First-epoch S band images
• Insights from leptohadronic modelling of the brightest blazar flare
• A small scale structure model of jet based on the observation of microvariability
• Analysis of Fermi-LAT observations, UHECRs and neutrinos from the radio galaxy Centaurus B
• The redshift distribution of BL Lacs and FSRQs
• Observational Signatures of Gamma Rays from Bright Blazars and Wakefield Theory
• Cherenkov telescope array extragalactic survey discovery potential and the impact of axion-like particles and secondary gamma rays
• The radio structure of ultra-high-energy synchrotron peak BL Lacs
• The Connection between Radio and Gamma Ray Emission in Fermi/LAT Blazars
• Contemporaneous broadband observations of three high-redshift BL Lac Objects
• Ultra high energy cosmic rays and possible signature of black strings
• Discovery of very-high-energy emission from RGB J2243+203 and derivation of its redshift upper limit
• Polarization and Variation of Near-IR Light from Fermi/LAT gamma-ray Sources
• The importance of jet bending in gamma-ray AGN - revisited
• Multiwavelength study of radio galaxy Pictor A: detection of western hotspot in far-UV and possible origin of high energy emissions
• Multi-band optical variability of a newly discovered twelve blazars sample from 2013-2019
• A New Result on the Origin of the Extragalactic Gamma-ray Background
• A multiwavelength study of the flat spectrum radio-quasar NVSS J141922-083830 covering four flaring episodes
• The synchrotron component study in a spectral energy distribution of blazars
• A Systematic Search for Spectral Hardening in Blazar Flares with the Fermi-Large Area Telescope
• High Latitude, Translucent Molecular Clouds as Probes of Local Cosmic Rays
• VLBI observations of a flared optical quasar CGRaBS J0809+5341
• Spectral Energy Distribution Modeling of BL Lacertae During a Large Submillimeter Outburst and Low X-Ray Polarization State
• Multi-wavelength observations of the BL Lac object Fermi J1544-0649: one year after its awakening
• Is BZB J1450+5201 the most distant $\gamma$-ray BL Lacertae object?
• Discovery of transient high-energy gamma-ray emission from the BL Lacertae object 5C 3.178
• Search for Very-High-Energy Gamma Rays from the z = 0.896 Quasar 4C +55.17 with the MAGIC telescopes
• Multiband optical variability on diverse timescales of the blazar Ton 599 from 2011 to 2023
• On the Unified View of Extragalactic Sources based on their Broadband Emission Properties
• Very High Energy gamma-ray emission from RBS 0970
• A Supermassive Binary Black Hole Candidate in Mrk 501
• Scheduling and calibration strategy for continuous radio monitoring of 1700 sources every three days
• The Parsec-scale Structure, Kinematics, and Polarization of Radio-Loud Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies
• An emergence of new polarized emission region in blazar Mrk 421 associated with X-ray flare
• Very high energy $\gamma$-ray emission from RBS 0679
• First detection of VHE gamma-ray signal from the FSRQ TON 0599
• Astrophysical Evidence of Wakefield Acceleration in Galactic and Extragalactic Jets via Gamma Rays and UHECRs
• Probing cluster environments of blazars through gamma-gamma absorption
• Neutrino Astronomy 2017
• SDSSJ14584479+3720215: A Benchmark JHK Blazar Light Curve from the 2MASS Calibration Scans
• On estimators of the jet bolometric luminosity of Fermi 2LAC blazars
• Modeling the flaring activity of the high z, hard X-ray selected blazar IGR J22517+2217
• GeV-radio correlation in Markarian 421
• Properties and Possible Physical Origins of $\gamma$-ray Emission in Extreme Synchrotron Blazars
• Detailed modelling of the EBL along VHE γ-ray paths
• Modeling Fermi Large Area Telescope and Multiwavelength Data from Blazars
• Discovery and identification of two gamma-ray blazars at low galactic latitude with VERITAS
• A Panchromatic View of Relativistic Jets in Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies
• Numerical study of broadband spectra caused by internal shocks in magnetized relativistic jets of blazars
• A Fast Algorithm for Finding Point Sources in the Fermi Data Stream: FermiFAST
• Correlation between Ultra-high Energy Cosmic Rays and Active Galactic Nuclei from Fermi Large Area Telescope
• Optical counterparts of undetermined type $\gamma$-ray Active Galactic Nuclei with blazar-like Spectral Energy Distributions
• On the connection between radio and gamma rays. Variability and polarization properties in relativistic jets
• Fermi LAT detection of two high Galactic latitude gamma-ray sources, Fermi J1049.7+0435 and J1103.2+1145
• The H.E.S.S. Extragalactic Sky
• Broadband Spectral Analysis of 1ES2344+514: A Multi-epoch study
• Theory of high-energy messengers
• High-resolution monitoring of parsec-scale jets in the Fermi era
• The blazar sequence revised
• Exploring the nature of Galactic unassociated sources detected by the Fermi-LAT
• Quantitative evaluation of the hypothesis that BL Lacertae objects are QSO remnants
• AGN Forecasts for the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• JD6 - The Connection between Radio Properties and High Energy Emission in AGNs
• Optimal strategies for observation of active galactic nuclei variability with Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes