New Fixed-Target Experiments to Search for Dark Gauge Forces

Abstract

Fixed-target experiments are ideally suited for discovering new MeV-GeV mass U(1) gauge bosons through their kinetic mixing with the photon. In this paper, we identify the production and decay properties of new light gauge bosons that dictate fixed-target search strategies. We summarize existing limits and suggest five new experimental approaches that we anticipate can cover most of the natural parameter space, using currently operating GeV-energy beams and well-established detection methods. Such experiments are particularly timely in light of recent terrestrial and astrophysical anomalies (PAMELA, FERMI, DAMA/LIBRA, etc.) consistent with dark matter charged under a new gauge force.

14 pages + 6 page appendix and refs, 11 figures

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• Probing Velocity Dependent Self-Interacting Dark Matter with Neutrino Telescopes
• Probing dark gauge boson with observations from neutron stars
• Constraining low scale dark hypercharge symmetry at spallation, reactor and Dark Matter direct detection experiments
• Non-adiabatic evolution of dark sector in the presence of $U(1{)}_{L_{\mu }-L_{\tau }}$ gauge symmetry
• Resonant probing spin-0 and spin-2 dark matter mediators with fixed target experiments
• Dark photon dark matter and fast radio bursts
• Consequences of an Abelian $Z^{\prime }$ for neutrino oscillations and dark matter
• (In)Direct Detection of Boosted Dark Matter
• Dark matter repulsion could thwart direct detection
• Explorations of pseudo-Dirac dark matter having keV splittings and interacting via transition electric and magnetic dipole moments
• Flavor-changing light bosons with accidental longevity
• The Silicon Vertex Tracker for the Heavy Photon Search Experiment
• Status of sub-GeV Hidden Particle Searches
• The light invisible boson in FCNC decays of $B$ and $B_c$ mesons
• LHC Lifetime Frontier and Visible Decay Searches in Composite Asymmetric Dark Matter Models
• The Heavy Photon Search Experiment
• Gauge field and brane-localized kinetic terms on the chiral square
• Exploring Bosonic Mediator of Interaction at BESIII
• Dark Photon as Fractional Cosmic Neutrino Masquerader
• Cooling the Shock: New Supernova Constraints on Dark Photons
• Explaining $g_{\mu }-2$ and $R_{K^{(\ast )}}$ using the light mediators of $U(1{)}_{T3R}$
• Energizing gamma ray bursts via $Z^{\prime }$ mediated neutrino heating
• Update on Hidden Sectors with Dark Forces and Dark Matter
• Dark Vector Mesons at LHC Forward Detector Searches
• Hitting two BSM particles with one lepton-jet: search for a top partner decaying to a dark photon, resulting in a lepton-jet
• MeV Dark Matter with MeV Dark Photons in Abelian Kinetic Mixing Theories
• Dark Forces Searches at KLOE-2
• Search for light long-lived neutral particles from Higgs boson decays via vector-boson-fusion production from $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector
• Searching Dark Photons using displaced vertices at Belle II -- with backgrounds
• Unveiling Time-Varying Signals of Ultralight Bosonic Dark Matter at Collider and Beam Dump Experiments
• The Revival of $U(1{)}_{L_e-L_{\mu }}$: A Natural Solution for $(g-2{)}_{\mu }$ with a Sub-GeV Dark Matter
• Dark Matter with Density-Dependent Interactions
• Hidden sectors and a multi-temperature universe
• Sensitivity improvement in hidden photon detection using resonant cavities
• Low Energy INTEGRAL Positrons from eXciting Dark Matter
• TASI 2009 Lectures: Searching for Unexpected Physics at the LHC
• Indirect Signals of Dark Matter Can Change Depending on Where You Look
• Complementarity between Cosmic String Gravitational Waves and long-lived particle searches in a laboratory
• Fat brane, dark matter and localized kinetic terms in six dimensions
• Polarization observables for millicharged particles in photon collisions
• Quark Seesaw, Dark $U(1)$ symmetry and Baryon-Dark Matter Coincidence
• Simulation of Dark Bremsstrahlung in GEANT4
• Search for invisible dark photon in $\gamma e$ scattering at future lepton colliders
• A Family-nonuniversal $U(1{)}^{\prime }$ Model for Excited Beryllium Decays
• Thermal evolution of dark matter and gravitational-wave production in the early universe from a symplectic glueball model
• Search for Light Neutral Bosons in the TREK/E36 Experiment at J-PARC
• APEX: A Prime EXperiment at Jefferson Lab
• Search for light neutral particles decaying promptly into collimated pairs of electrons or muons in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
• Parity Violation by a Dark Gauge Boson
• Acausality from a Dark Sector
• Hidden photons with Kaluza-Klein towers
• Search for boosted dark matter with high-Z material in underground experiments
• Layout optimization for the LUXE-NPOD experiment
• Electroweak interaction beyond the Standard Model and Dark Matter in the Tangent Bundle Quantum Field Theory
• The Muon Experimental Anomalies Are Explained by a New Interaction Proportional to Charge
• Search for Dark Photons in Rare $Z$ Boson Decays with the ATLAS Detector
• The Forward Physics Facility at the High-Luminosity LHC
• Constraining portals with displaced Higgs decay searches at the LHC
• Application of Graph Neural Networks in Dark Photon Search with Visible Decays at Future Beam Dump Experiment
• Dark Photon bounds in the dark EFT
• Dark sector searches with high-intensity positron beams in the CERN North Area
• A Direct Detection Search for Hidden Sector New Particles in the 3-60 MeV Mass Range
• Search for low-mass Higgs and dark bosons at BaBar
• Dark photon emission in elastic proton bremsstrahlung
• The Dark Z and Charged Higgs Decay
• New Directions in Direct Dark Matter Searches
• Flashes of Hidden Worlds at Colliders
• Possible Beyond the Standard Model Physics Motivated by Muonic Puzzles
• Electron Beam Dump Constraints on Light Bosons with Lepton Flavor Violating Couplings
• On the dark matter origin of an LDMX signal
• Probing Hidden Sectors with a muon beam: Total and differential cross-sections for vector boson production in muon bremsstrahlung
• Probing inelastic sub-GeV dark matter at the DUNE near detector
• Flavor specific chiral $U(1{)}_X$ framework for explaining the ATOMKI anomaly
• The Dark Photon: a 2026 Perspective
• Dark Matter Energy Deposition and Production from the Table-Top to the Cosmos
• Constraining the heavy leptophilic neutral gauge bosons through the $Z\to {\ell }^{+}{\ell }^{-}$, $W^{\pm }\to {\ell }^{\pm }{\nu }_{\ell }$, and $h\to {\ell }^{+}{\ell }^{-}$ decays
• Exploring the dark axion portal in the LUXE-NPOD experiment
• Data-Driven Predictions for Dark Photon and Millicharged Particle Production
• Muon Beam Dump Experiments probe five-dimensional nature of $U(1{)}_{L_{\mu }-L_{\tau }}$
• Probing the explanation of the muon (g-2) anomaly and thermal light dark matter with the semi-visible dark photon channel
• Light dark forces at flavor factories
• Searching for exotic scalars at fusion reactors
• Production of Dark Photons through Higher Electromagnetic Moments at LDMX: Simulations and Model Discrimination
• Searching for hadronic scale baryonic and dark forces at $(g-2{)}_{\mu }$'s lattice-vs-dispersion front
• New Higgs decays to axion-like particles
• Concept of Very-Asymmetric Lepton Collider for Dark Matter Search
• Dark photon manifestation in the triplet-like QED processes $\gamma +{\ell }_i\to {\ell }_j^{+}{\ell }_j^{-}+{\ell }_i$, $i\ne j,$ $i=e,\mu ,$ $j=e,\mu ,\tau$
• Electron beam studies of light collection in a scintillating counter with embedded fibers
• Higgs Production in Association with a Dark-Z at Future Electron Positron Colliders
• UFO 2.0 -- The Universal Feynman Output format