Searching for long-lived particles beyond the Standard Model at the Large Hadron Collider

Abstract

Particles beyond the Standard Model (SM) can generically have lifetimes that are long compared to SM particles at the weak scale. When produced at experiments such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, these long-lived particles (LLPs) can decay far from the interaction vertex of the primary proton-proton collision. Such LLP signatures are distinct from those of promptly decaying particles that are targeted by the majority of searches for new physics at the LHC, often requiring customized techniques to identify, for example, significantly displaced decay vertices, tracks with atypical properties, and short track segments. Given their non-standard nature, a comprehensive overview of LLP signatures at the LHC is beneficial to ensure that possible avenues of the discovery of new physics are not overlooked. Here we report on the joint work of a community of theorists and experimentalists with the ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb experiments --- as well as those working on dedicated experiments such as MoEDAL, milliQan, MATHUSLA, CODEX-b, and FASER --- to survey the current state of LLP searches at the LHC, and to chart a path for the development of LLP searches into the future, both in the upcoming Run 3 and at the High-Luminosity LHC. The work is organized around the current and future potential capabilities of LHC experiments to generally discover new LLPs, and takes a signature-based approach to surveying classes of models that give rise to LLPs rather than emphasizing any particular theory motivation. We develop a set of simplified models; assess the coverage of current searches; document known, often unexpected backgrounds; explore the capabilities of proposed detector upgrades; provide recommendations for the presentation of search results; and look towards the newest frontiers, namely high-multiplicity "dark showers", highlighting opportunities for expanding the LHC reach for these signals.

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• Gravitational Waves from Domain Walls in Pulsar Timing Array Datasets
• Expression of Interest for the CODEX-b Detector
• FORESEE: FORward Experiment SEnsitivity Estimator for the LHC and future hadron colliders
• Neutrino Self-Interactions: A White Paper
• Hunting wino and higgsino dark matter at the muon collider with disappearing tracks
• Perturbative benchmark models for a dark shower search program
• Mapping the viable parameter space for testable leptogenesis
• Searches for Long-Lived Particles at the Future FCC-ee
• Unveiling Hidden Physics at the LHC
• Heavy neutral leptons in effective field theory and the high-luminosity LHC
• EFT at FASER$\nu$
• Neutrino beam-dump experiment with FASER at the LHC
• Implications of Feebly Interacting Dark Sector on Neutron Star Properties and Constraints from GW170817
• Heavy QCD Axion at Belle II: Displaced and Prompt Signals
• Probing naturally light singlets with a displaced vertex trigger
• Collider Probes of Real Triplet Scalar Dark Matter
• Unleashing the full power of LHCb to probe Stealth New Physics
• A Theory of Dark Pions
• Displaced new physics at colliders and the early universe before its first second
• Freeze-in produced dark matter in the ultra-relativistic regime
• Long-lived Sterile Neutrinos at Belle II in Effective Field Theory
• Co-scattering in micrOMEGAs: a case study for the singlet-triplet dark matter model
• Dark sector searches with the CMS experiment
• Performance of the reconstruction of large impact parameter tracks in the inner detector of ATLAS
• Search for new physics in top quark production with additional leptons in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 13 TeV using effective field theory
• Long-lived heavy neutral leptons at the LHC: four-fermion single-$N_R$ operators
• Collider Searches for Dark Matter through the Higgs Lens
• HECATE: A long lived particle detector concept for the FCC-ee or CEPC
• Supernova Constraints on Dark Flavored Sectors
• Enhancing Sensitivities to Long-lived Particles with High Granularity Calorimeters at the LHC
• Probing Dark Matter with Disappearing Tracks at the LHC
• Recasting LHC searches for long-lived particles with MadAnalysis 5
• Closing in on $t$-channel simplified dark matter models
• Triggering on Emerging Jets
• The ABC of RPV: Classification of R-Parity Violating Signatures at the LHC for Small Couplings
• Searching for Elusive Dark Sectors with Terrestrial and Celestial Observations
• Long-lived heavy neutral leptons with a displaced shower signature at CMS
• Discovery prospects for long-lived multiply charged particles at the LHC
• Light Scalars at FASER
• Detecting long-lived multi-charged particles in neutrino mass models with MoEDAL
• Dark Matter Candidates and Searches
• The WIMP Paradigm: Theme and Variations
• Distinguishing Dirac and Majorana Heavy Neutrinos at Lepton Colliders
• The Efficacy of Event Isotropy as an Event Shape Observable
• Top Secrets: Long-Lived ALPs in Top Production
• Near or Far Detectors? Optimizing Long-Lived Particle Searches at Electron-Positron Colliders
• GPU coprocessors as a service for deep learning inference in high energy physics
• Extending the Discovery Potential for Inelastic-Dipole Dark Matter with FASER
• Collider constraints on dark mediators
• Energetic long-lived particles in the CMS muon chambers
• Long-Lived Light Mediators from Higgs boson Decay at HL-LHC, FCC-hh and a Proposal of Dedicated LLP Detectors for FCC-hh
• Searching for light long-lived neutralinos at Super-Kamiokande
• Long-lived heavy neutral leptons at lepton colliders as a probe of left-right symmetric models
• The quirk signal at FASER and FASER 2
• Quark flavor violation and axion-like particles from top-quark decays at the LHC
• Vectorlike leptons and long-lived bosons at the LHC
• Searching for a Single Photon from Lightest Neutralino Decays in R-parity-violating Supersymmetry at FASER
• Heavy long-lived coannihilation partner from inelastic Dark Matter model and its signatures at the LHC
• Dark Photons and Displaced Vertices at the MUonE Experiment
• Neutrino Masses from Low Scale Partial Compositeness
• Enhanced long-lived dark photon signals at lifetime frontier detectors
• Testing Neutrino Dipole Portal by Long-lived Particle Detectors at the LHC
• New Physics Search at the CEPC: a General Perspective
• Portal Effective Theories: A framework for the model independent description of light hidden sector interactions
• Atmospheric axion-like particles at Super-Kamiokande
• Twin Cogenesis
• Spheres To Jets: Tuning Event Shapes with 5d Simplified Models
• Exploring $0\nu \beta \beta$ and Leptogenesis in the Alternative Left-Right Model
• Mechanism for baryogenesis via feebly interacting massive particles
• Sensitivity Reach on the Heavy Neutral Leptons and $\tau$-Neutrino Mixing $|U_{\tau N}{|}^2$ at the HL-LHC
• On the challenges of searching for GeV-scale long-lived particles at the LHC
• Searching for exotic B meson decays with the CMS L1 track trigger
• Searching for heavy neutral leptons coupled to axion-like particles at the LHC far detectors and SHiP
• Unravelling the richness of dark sector by FASER$\nu$
• Long live The NMSSM!
• Search for inelastic dark matter in events with two displaced muons and missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Long Dead Winos
• Extra dimensions with light and heavy neutral leptons: An application to CE$\nu$NS
• Ultraviolet freeze-in baryogenesis
• Phenomenology of an $E_6$ inspired extension of Standard Model: Higgs sector
• Probing light sterile neutrinos in left-right symmetric models with displaced vertices and neutrinoless double beta decay
• Baryons, multi-hadron systems, and composite dark matter in non-relativistic QCD
• Dark matter freeze-in via a light fermion mediator: forbidden decay and scattering
• Shedding light on the electroweak phase transition from exotic Higgs boson decays at the lifetime frontiers
• Long-lived doubly charged scalars in the left-right symmetric model: catalyzed nuclear fusion and collider implications
• t-channel dark matter at the LHC -- a whitepaper
• Displaced Vertex signatures of a pseudo-Goldstone sterile neutrino
• Emerging Jets Displaced into the Future
• Dedicated Triggers for Displaced Jets using Timing Information from Electromagnetic Calorimeter at HL-LHC
• Probing displaced (dark)photons from low reheating freeze-in at the LHC
• Fast Neural Network Inference on FPGAs for Triggering on Long-Lived Particles at Colliders
• Leptonic neutral-current probes in a short-distance DUNE-like setup
• Looking forward to inelastic DM with electromagnetic form factors at FASER and beam dump experiments
• Searches for long-lived particles with the ANUBIS experiment
• Development of a resource-efficient FPGA-based neural network regression model for the ATLAS muon trigger upgrades
• Flow Matching Beyond Kinematics: Generating Jets with Particle-ID and Trajectory Displacement Information
• Results and future plans of the MoEDAL experiment
• Hadron Collider Signatures of Lepton Number Violation in the Type II Seesaw Model
• Testing Heavy Neutral Leptons in Cosmic Ray Beam Dump experiments
• Searching for long-lived light neutralinos and axionlike particles at the SHiNESS experiment
• New Particles at the Z-Pole: Tera-Z factories as discovery and precision machines
• Long-lived particle reconstruction downstream of the LHCb magnet
• Nuclear fusion catalyzed by doubly charged scalars: Implications for energy production
• On long-lived electroweak-singlet coloured scalars
• Can strangelets be detected in a large LAr neutrino detector?
• Summary of the trigger systems of the Large Hadron Collider experiments ALICE, ATLAS, CMS and LHCb
• Constraining electroweak and strongly charged long-lived particles with CheckMATE
• Review of Neutral Naturalness
• Factorizing Hidden Particle Production Rates
• A Survey of Family Unification Models with Bifundamental Matter
• Asymptotically-Flat Black Hole Solutions in Symmergent Gravity
• PREFACE: A search for long-lived particles at the Large Hadron Collider
• Invisible neutron decay and light BSM particles
• Multi-track Displaced Vertices at B-Factories
• Long-Lived HNLs via ALP Portal at the LHC
• Searching for displaced vertices with a gaseous tracker for a future e${}^{+}$e${}^{-}$ Higgs factory
• Hyper Stealth Dark Matter and Long-Lived Particles
• Indirect detection of long-lived particles in a rich dark sector with a dark vector portal
• Exploiting exotic LHC datasets for long-lived new particle searches
• Searching for long-lived axion-like particles via displaced vertices at the HL-LHC
• Systematic analysis of search strategies for $L_{\mu }-L_{\tau }$ gauge bosons at Belle II
• Tracking of charged particles with nanosecond lifetimes at LHCb
• An alternative method for searching for dimuon displaced vertices in the short-range region with ATLAS and CMS
• MoEDAL-MAPP: the first dedicated search experiment at the LHC
• Possible mixing between elementary and bound state fields in the $t\bar{t}$ production excess at the LHC
• Following the muon track of hierarchical sectors at LHCb
• Displaced fat-jets and tracks to probe boosted right-handed neutrinos in the $U(1{)}_{B-L}$ model
• Theory, phenomenology, and experimental avenues for dark showers: a Snowmass 2021 report
• Magnetized strangelets with anomalous magnetic moment and Coulomb interactions
• Revisiting the averaged annihilation rate of thermal relics at low temperature
• Dark photon searches via Higgs boson production at the LHC and beyond
• Searches for New High-Mass Resonances Decaying to Fermions at the LHC
• Improving topological cluster reconstruction using calorimeter cell timing in ATLAS
• Experimental Impact of Jet Fragmentation Reference Frames At Particle Colliders
• Linearized renormalization
• Probing displaced top quark signature at the LHC Run 3
• Dark scalar reinterpretation of searches for Higgs boson decays into long-lived particles at the LHC
• Detecting long-lived particles trapped in detector material at the LHC
• Probing the Chern-Simons Portal at the HL-LHC through Displaced Vertices from W Boson Associated Production