The Casimir force between real materials: experiment and theory

Abstract

The physical origin of the Casimir force is connected with the existence of zero-point and thermal fluctuations. The Casimir effect is very general and finds applications in various fields of physics. This review is limited to the rapid progress at the intersection of experiment and theory that has been achieved in the last few years. It includes a critical assessment of the proposed approaches to the resolution of the puzzles arising in the applications of the Lifshitz theory of the van der Waals and Casimir forces to real materials. All the primary experiments on the measurement of the Casimir force between macroscopic bodies and the Casimir-Polder force between an atom and a wall that have been performed in the last decade are reviewed, including the theory needed for their interpretation. The methodology for the comparison between experiment and theory in the force-distance measurements is presented. The experimental and theoretical results described here provide a deeper understanding of the phenomenon of dispersion forces in real materials and offer guidance for the application of Lifshitz theory for the interpretation of the measurement results.

126 pages, 33 figures, accepted for publication in Reviews of Modern Physics

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• Thermal correction to the Casimir force, radiative heat transfer, and an experiment
• Universal behavior of dispersion forces between two dielectric plates in the low-temperature limit
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• Development of a high sensitivity torsional balance for the study of the Casimir force in the 1-10 micrometer range
• Casimir-Polder forces on excited atoms in the strong atom-field coupling regime
• Pulsating Casimir force
• Trapping cold atoms near carbon nanotubes: thermal spin flips and Casimir-Polder potential
• Generalized plasma-like permittivity and thermal Casimir force between real metals
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• An alternative calculation of the Casimir forces between birefringent plates
• Van der Waals Interactions in a Magneto-Dielectric Medium
• Dispersive forces on bodies and atoms: a unified approach
• Roughness corrections to the Casimir force: The importance of local surface slope

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• Demonstration of an Unusual Thermal Effect in the Casimir Force from Graphene
• Casimir light in dispersive nanophotonics
• Quantum reflection of ultracold atoms from thin films, graphene, and semiconductor heterostructures
• Temperature dependent graphene suspension due to thermal Casimir interaction
• Influence of roughness on near-field heat transfer between two plates
• Physical Adsorption at the Nanoscale: Towards Controllable Scaling of the Substrate-Adsorbate van der Waals Interaction
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• Reducing detrimental electrostatic effects in Casimir-force measurements and Casimir-force-based microdevices
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• Long-Range Repulsion Between Spatially Confined van der Waals Dimers
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• The Casimir-like effect in a one-dimensional Bose gas
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• Improved constraints on the coupling constants of axion-like particles to nucleons from recent Casimir-less experiment
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• An alternative response to the off-shell quantum fluctuations: A step forward in resolution of the Casimir puzzle
• Tunable Casimir equilibria with phase change materials: from quantum trapping to its release
• Dispersion C3 coefficients for the alkali-metal atoms interacting with a graphene layer and with a carbon nanotube
• Proximity force approximation and specular reflection: Application of the WKB limit of Mie scattering to the Casimir effect
• Heating in Nanophotonic Traps for Cold Atoms
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• Penetration of Arbitrary Double Potential Barriers with Probability Unity: Implications for Testing the Existence of a Minimum Length
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• Special features of the thermal Casimir effect across a uniaxial anisotropic film
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• Testing Gravity and Predictions Beyond the Standard Model at Short Distances: The Casimir Effect
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• Casimir effect for fermion condensate in conical rings
• Noncommutative Complex Scalar Field and Casimir Effect
• The Casimir effect for nonlinear sigma models and the Mermin-Wagner-Hohenberg-Coleman theorem
• Stochastic Quantization and Casimir Forces
• Attractive and repulsive fluctuation-induced pressure in peptide films deposited on semiconductor substrates
• Casimir effect between pinned particles in two-dimensional jammed systems
• Retarded room temperature Hamaker coefficients between bulk elemental metals
• Nonequilibrium Casimir-Polder Force between Nanoparticles and Graphene-Coated Silica Plate: Combined Effect of the Chemical Potential and Mass Gap
• How modes shape Casimir Physics
• Foundational Issues in Dynamical Casimir Effect and Analogue Features in Cosmological Particle Creation
• Multiphoton absorption and Rabi oscillations in armchair graphene nanoribbons
• Casimir Interaction Between a Plane and a Sphere: Correction to the Proximity-Force Approximation at Intermediate Temperatures
• Vacuum polarization with zero-range potentials on a hyperplane
• Light-matter interactions in the vacuum of ultra-strongly coupled systems
• Observation of the Thermal Casimir Force is Open to Question
• Pull-in features of nanoswitches in the Casimir regime with account of contact repulsion
• Casimir effect between spherical objects: proximity-force approximation and beyond using plane waves
• How to strengthen constraints on non-Newtonian gravity from measuring the lateral Casimir force
• A robust superconducting setup to probe the thermal Casimir effect
• Casimir forces for the ideal Bose gas in anisotropic optical lattices: the effect of alternating sign upon varying dimensionality
• Bound of Casimir Effect by Holography
• Repulsive thermal van der Waals interaction in multi-species asymmetric electrolytes driven by external electric fields
• Proposal to measure the Casimir Effect Across the Superconducting Transition
• Rectified Lorentz Force from Thermal Current Fluctuations
• Casimir momentum of magneto-chiral matter
• Singular resonance in fluctuation-electromagnetic phenomena during the rotation of a nanoparticle near a surface
• Quantum and Critical Casimir Effects: Bridging Fluctuation Physics and Nanotechnology
• Phonon Casimir effect in polyatomic systems
• Casimir Effect for Quantum Field theory in Networks
• A few remarks on the relationship between elementary particle physics, gravitation and cosmology
• Exact results for the Casimir force of a three-dimensional model of relativistic Bose gas in a film geometry
• Casimir interaction of concentric spheres at finite temperature
• Quantum Vacuum Fluctuations in Presence of Dissipative Bodies: Dynamical Approach for Non-Equilibrium and Squeezed States
• Commutation relations for the electromagnetic field in the presence of dielectrics and conductors
• Near-field dynamical Casimir effect
• Casimir-Polder interaction with Chern-Simons boundary layers
• Competition-Induced Sign Reversal of Casimir-Lifshitz Torque: An Investigation on Topological Node-Line Semimetal
• Effective binding potential from Casimir interactions: the case of the Bose gas
• Casimir Forces in Multi-Sphere Configurations
• Resonant transitions due to changing boundaries
• Lifshitz formulas for finite-density Casimir effect
• Atom-Field-Medium Interactions I: Graded Influence Actions for $N$ Harmonic Atoms in a Dielectric-Altered Quantum Field
• Quantum Fields bounded by one dimensional crystal plates
• Quantum interference phenomena in the Casimir effect
• Novel approaches to tailor and tune light-matter interactions at the nanoscale
• Electromagnetic Casimir effect on the boundary of a D-dimensional cavity and the high temperature asymptotics
• Interplay of curvature and temperature in the Casimir-Polder interaction
• Casimir Wormholes in Brans-Dicke Theory
• The Casimir effect for parallel plates at finite temperature in the presence of one fractal extra compactified dimension
• Casimir-Polder Force on Atoms or Nanoparticles from the Gapped and Doped Graphene: Asymptotic Behavior at Large Separations
• Casimir interaction between two concentric cylinders at nonzero temperature
• Casimir-like effect from thermal field fluctuations
• Negative electrohydrostatic pressure between superconducting bodies
• Classicality of the Bogoliubov transformations and the dynamical Casimir effect through the reduced state of the field
• Thermally Excited Quasiparticles in Metals, Dispersion Forces, and the Thermal Anomaly
• Normal and lateral Casimir force: Advances and prospects
• Comment on "Temperature dependence of the Casimir force for lossy bulk media"
• Casimir energy for acoustic phonons in graphene
• On the possibility of the implicit renormalization procedure for the Casimir energy
• On the Casimir effect from the zero-point energy: A tangential force and its properties
• Measuring the Casimir-Polder potential with Unruh-DeWitt detector excitations
• Testing the nonclassicality of gravity with the field of a single delocalized mass
• Suppressing vacuum fluctuations with vortex excitations
• Thermal Casimir effect for a Dirac field on flat space with a nontrivial circular boundary condition
• Beyond Attraction: A Novel Approach to Repulsive Casimir-Lifshitz Forces using heterogeneous off-stoichiometry in gapped metals
• Quasiperiodic arrangement of magnetodielectric $\delta$-plates: Green's functions and Casimir energies for $N$ bodies
• Casimir effect in magnetic dual chiral density waves
• Tailoring the van der Waals interaction with rotation
• Effects of acceleration on interatomic interactions
• Temperature Dependence of the Response Functions of Graphene: Impact on Casimir and Casimi-Polder Forces in and out of Thermal Equilibrium
• Interaction of atomic quantum gases with a single carbon nanotube
• Stochastic Quantization and Casimir Forces: Pistons of Arbitrary Cross Section
• Dispersion Interaction of Atoms with Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes described by the Dirac Model
• Feynman Amplitudes in Periodically Compactified Spaces -- Spin 0
• Controlling the atom-sphere interaction with an external electric field
• The low temperature corrections to the Casimir force between a sphere and a plane
• Precision studies of Casimir force and short-range gravity employing prototypes of interferometric gravitational wave detectors
• Scalar Casimir effect between two concentric D-dimensional spheres
• Mode contributions to the Casimir effect
• On the high temperature limit of the Casimir energy
• Low temperature expansion in the Lifshitz formula
• The Casimir free energy of peptide films on a silicon substrate: Impact of dielectric-to-metal transition in silicon and nanoparticles in peptide
• Role of the Casimir force in the capacitive radio-frequency microelectromechanical switches
• Quantum Calculations of the Cavity Shift in Electron Magnetic Moment Measurements
• Thermal Casimir effect in the spin-orbit coupled Bose gas
• Tangential Casimir force in the misaligned system: Magnetic media, real conductors, and a torque
• Casimir-Lifshitz interaction between bodies integrated in a microelectromechanical/nanoelectromechanical quantum damped oscillator
• Thermal Effects in the Casimir Torque between Birefringent Plates
• Anomalous-magnetic-moment-enhanced Casimir effect
• Engineering Casimir interactions with epsilon-near-zero materials
• Complex orientation dependence of Casimir-Polder interaction induced by curvature and optical properties of the surface and the surrounding medium
• Solving Lyapunov equations for electrically driven ternary electrolytes -- application to long-range van der Waals interactions
• Quantum Atomic Matter Near Two-Dimensional Materials in Microgravity
• An upper limit to the lifetime of stellar remnants from gravitational pair production
• The Casimir-Lifshitz formula for rectangular dielectric waveguide
• The Planck numbers and the essence of gravitation: phenomenology
• On the definition of dielectric permittivity for media with temporal dispersion in the presence of free charge carriers
• Casimir Force Between Dielectric Media with Free Charges
• Phononic Casimir corrections for Graphene resonator
• A way to measure the dispersion forces near the van der Waals-Casimir transition
• Duality, decay rates and local-field models in macroscopic QED
• Controversies and Progress in the Problem of Dynamical Fluctuation-Electromagnetic Interactions
• Comparison of the Lifshitz Theory Using the Nonconventional Fit of Response Functions with Precise Measurements of the Casimir Force