Impact of Mass-Gap on the Dispersion Interaction of Nanoparticles with Graphene out of Thermal Equilibrium

Abstract

We consider the nonequilibrium dispersion force acting on nanoparticles on the source side of gapped graphene sheet. Nanoparticles are kept at the environmental temperature, whereas the graphene sheet may be either cooler or hotter than the environment. Calculation of the dispersion force as a function of separation at different values of the mass-gap parameter is performed using the generalization of the fundamental Lifshitz theory to the out-of-thermal-equilibrium conditions. The response of gapped graphene to quantum and thermal fluctuations of the electromagnetic field is described by the polarization tensor in (2+1)-dimensional space-time in the framework of the Dirac model. The explicit expressions for the components of this tensor in the area of evanescent waves are presented. The nontrivial impact of the mass-gap parameter of graphene on the nonequilibrium dispersion force, as compared to the equilibrium one, is determined. It is shown that, unlike the case of a pristine graphene, the nonequilibrium force preserves an attractive character. The possibilities of using the obtained results in the design of micro- and nanodevices incorporating nanoparticles and graphene sheets for their functionality are discussed.

16 pages, 4 figures

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• Nonequilibrium Casimir-Polder Interaction Between Nanoparticles and Substrates Coated with Gapped Graphene
• Nonequilibrium Casimir-Polder Force between Nanoparticles and Graphene-Coated Silica Plate: Combined Effect of the Chemical Potential and Mass Gap
• Large-Separation Behavior of the Casimir-Polder Force from Real Graphene Sheet Deposited on a Dielectric Substrate
• Nonequilibrium Casimir pressure for two graphene-coated plates: Quantum field theoretical approach
• Temperature Dependence of the Response Functions of Graphene: Impact on Casimir and Casimi-Polder Forces in and out of Thermal Equilibrium