Hadronization in heavy ion collisions: Recombination and fragmentation of partons

Abstract

We argue that the emission of hadrons with transverse momentum up to about 5 GeV/c in central relativistic heavy ion collisions is dominated by recombination, rather than fragmentation of partons. This mechanism provides a natural explanation for the observed constant baryon-to-meson ratio of about one and the apparent lack of a nuclear suppression of the baryon yield in this momentum range. Fragmentation becomes dominant at higher transverse momentum, but the transition point is delayed by the energy loss of fast partons in dense matter.

4 pages, 2 figures; v2: reference [8] added; v3: Eq.(2) corrected, two references added, version to appear in PRL

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• Measurement of the lambda and lambda^bar particles in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt(s_NN)=130 GeV
• Flavor ordering of elliptic flows at high transverse momentum
• Large mass dileptons from the passage of jets through quark gluon plasma
• Parton rescattering and screening in Au+Au collisions at RHIC
• The Leading Particle Effect from Heavy-Quark Recombination
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• Measurements of the nuclear modification factor and elliptic flow of $\varphi$ mesons at RHIC
• Centrality and Transverse Momentum Dependencies of Minijets and Hadrons in Au-Au Collisions
• Observation of abnormal suppression of ${\mathrm{f}}_0$(980) production in p$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV
• An Investigation of Hadronization Mechanism at $Z^0$ Factory
• Fractional Energy Loss and Centrality Scaling
• Investigating the scaling of higher-order flows in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• A relativistic dissipative hydrodynamic description for systems including particle number changing processes
• Systematic investigation of the particle spectra in Heavy-ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider
• $\varphi$ meson production at forward rapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=2.76$ TeV
• Strong color fields and heavy flavor production
• Radial flow afterburner for event generators and the baryon puzzle
• Observation of modified hadronization in relativistic Au+Au collisions: a promising signature for deconfined quark-gluon matter
• Hadronic Rapidity Spectra in Heavy Ion Collisions at SPS and AGS energies in a Quark Combination Model
• Photon-tagged correlations in heavy-ion collisions: kinematic requirements and a case study
• Hadron Correlations and Parton Recombination
• Production of Charm Quarks in a Parton Cascade Model for Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\text{NN}}}$= 200 GeV
• Gluon recombination in high parton density QCD: inclusive pion production
• Elliptic flow of hadrons via quark coalescence mechanism using Boltzmann transport equation for Pb+Pb collision at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=2.76 TeV
• Evolution of mechanism of parton energy loss with transverse momentum at RHIC and LHC in relativistic collision of heavy nuclei
• Jet energy loss in heavy ion collisions from RHIC to LHC energies
• Exploring Spin Polarization of Heavy Quarks in Magnetic Fields and Hot Medium
• Exploring the effect of hadron cascade-time on particle production in Xe+Xe collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.44 TeV through a multi-phase transport model
• Proton and pion transverse spectra at RHIC from radial flow and finite size effects
• Colour-singlet clustering of partons and recombination model for hadronization of quark-gluon plasma
• System size, energy and centrality dependence of strange hadron elliptic flow at STAR
• Resonances as Probes of Heavy-Ion Collisions at ALICE
• Hadronization via Recombination
• Rapidity dependence of the proton-to-pion ratio in Au+Au and p+p collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 62.4 and 200 GeV
• Formation of light nuclei at chemical freezeout: Description within a statistical thermal model
• Has the Quark-Gluon Plasma been seen?
• System size dependence of nuclear modification and azimuthal anisotropy of jet quenching
• QGP and Modified Jet Fragmentation
• Successes and failures with hard probes
• Averaged transverse momentum correlations of hadrons in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Relativistic Nuclear Collisions and the QCD Phase Boundary
• Hadron formation from interaction among quarks
• Decreasing elliptic flow at the LHC: Calculations in a parton recombination approach
• Investigating the role of partonic and hadronic dynamics in mass splitting of elliptic anisotropy in p-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV
• Evidence of Coalescence Sum Rule in Elliptic Flow of Identified Particles in High-energy Heavy-ion Collisions
• Hadronization Approach for a Quark-Gluon Plasma Formed in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions
• Jet Tomography in the Forward Direction at RHIC
• Elliptical flow coalescence to identify the $f_0$(980) content
• Excitation functions of baryon anomaly and freeze-out properties at RHIC-PHENIX
• Dynamical scheme for hadronization with first-order phase transition
• Equation of state of strongly interacting matter: spectra for thermal particles and intensity correlation of thermal photons
• Extracting strange quark freeze-out information in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=2.76 TeV from $\varphi$ and $\Omega$ production
• The Multiplicity Scaling of the Fragmentation Function
• Strange Baryon to Meson Ratio
• Elliptic Flow and Fixed p_T Suppression in a Final State Interaction Model
• The Future of Quark Matter at RHIC
• Signals of quark combination at hadronization in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200$ GeV
• Nuclear profile dependence of elliptic flow from a parton cascade
• Finite size effects on pion spectra in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Strangeness and heavy flavor at RHIC: Recent results from PHENIX
• Parton rearrangement and fast thermalization in heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and LHC energies
• Light-front wavefunction dependence of the quark recombination
• Recent hadronic resonance measurements at ALICE
• Higher order flow coefficients -- A Messenger of QCD medium formed in heavy-ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider
• Multiplicity fluctuation and correlation of identified baryons in quark combination model
• Charged-hadron and identified-hadron ($K_{\mathrm{S}}^0$, $\Lambda$, ${\Xi }^{-}$) yield measurements in photo-nuclear Pb+Pb and $p$+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV with ATLAS
• Identified charged hadron production in pp and Pb-Pb collisions with ALICE at the LHC
• Investigating radial flow-like effects via pseudorapidity and transverse spherocity dependence of particle production in pp collisions at the LHC
• Hadronization effects on the baryon-strangeness correlation in quark combination models
• Influence of finite baryon density on hadronization in nucleus-nucleus collisions via recombination
• Universal Energy Dependence of Measured Temperatures for Baryons Produced in Heavy-ion Collisions
• Strangeness Production at RHIC in the Perturbative Regim
• Elliptic anisotropy measurement of the f${}_0$(980) hadron in proton-lead collisions and evidence for its quark-antiquark composition
• Search for the onset of baryon anomaly at RHIC-PHENIX
• High pT hadron spectra at RHIC: an overview
• Properties of the partonic phase at RHIC within PHSD
• A New Phase of Matter: Quark-Gluon Plasma Beyond the Hagedorn Critical Temperature
• Strange hadron ratios from quark coalescence at RHIC and LHC
• ${\mathrm{f}}_0(980)$ production in inelastic pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=5.02$ TeV
• Centrality dependence of $p_T$ spectra for identified hadrons in Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV
• Ligth-flavour identified charged-hadron production in pp and Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC
• Estimating Longitudinal Polarization of $\Lambda$ and $\bar{\Lambda }$ Hyperons at Relativistic Energies using Hydrodynamic and Transport models
• Effects of hadronic reinteraction on jet fragmentation from small to large systems
• Evolution of shower parton distributions in a jet from quark recombination model
• Rapidity dependence of hadron production in central Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV
• Strange hadron yields and ratios in heavy ion collisions at RHIC energy
• Measurement of beauty production via non-prompt charm hadrons in p-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Quantifying Properties of the QCD Matter at RHIC
• The Flavours of the Quark-Gluon Plasma
• Soft QCD Physics at the LHC: highlights and opportunities
• Hadron productions and jet substructures associated with $Z^0/\gamma$ in Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC
• Correlations in the Parton Recombination Model
• Quark Recombination and Heavy Quark Diffusion in Hot Nuclear Matter
• Hadron Production at Intermediate $p_T$ at RHIC
• Balance functions revisited
• Azimuthal flow of decay photons in relativistic nuclear collisions
• SQM 2006: Theory Summary and Perspectives
• Hadronization of Dense Partonic Matter
• Diomega production in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Sequential hadronization in heavy ion collisions
• Statistical method in quark combination model
• Resonance Production in Heavy-Ion Collisions
• The elliptic flow of multi-strange hadrons in $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV Au + Au collisions at STAR
• Elliptic flow of identified hadrons in Au+Au collisions at $E_{lab}=35\mathrm{A}\mathrm{GeV}$ using the PHSD model
• The rapidity dependence of the proton-to-pion ratio in Au+Au and p+p collisions at sqrt(sNN) = 62.4 and 200 GeV
• How do quarks and gluons lose energy in the QGP?
• Jet Hadronization via Recombination of Parton Showers in Vacuum and in Medium
• Testing of coalescence mechanism in high energy heavy ion collisions using two-particle correlations with identified particle trigger
• Impact of Baryon anti-Baryon annihilation on hyperon ($\Lambda$, $\bar{\Lambda }$) production and apparent strangeness enhancement in $\bar{\Lambda }/\bar{p}$ in heavy ion collisions at SPS energy
• $J/\psi$ production and elliptic flow parameter $v_2$ at LHC energy
• Future Experiments in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions
• The charged-hadron/pion ratio at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
• Study of Heavy Hadron Production in Au + Au Collisions at a Center-of-Mass Energy of $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV
• Covariant transport approach for strongly interacting partonic systems
• Centrality, system size and energy dependences of charged-particle pseudo-rapidity distribution
• Multiplicity dependence of charm baryon and charm meson production in pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 8.16 TeV
• Measurement of prompt ${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{s}}^{+}$-meson production and azimuthal anisotropy in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Status of Strangeness-Flavor Signature of QGP
• Studying Intermediate pT Hadron Production with Fluctuations
• From SPS to RHIC: Maurice and the CERN heavy-ion programme
• Multiplicity fluctuation and correlation of mesons and baryons in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions at LHC
• Systematic study of hadrons and their quark-component nuclear modification factors
• Resolutions of Several Puzzles at Intermediate $p_T$ and Recent Developments in Correlation
• Strange quark collectivity of $\varphi$ meson at RHIC
• Centrality and Transverse Spherocity dependent study of charged-particle production in Xe-Xe collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.44 TeV using PYTHIA8 Angantyr and AMPT models
• Production of Strange and Charm Hadrons in Pb+Pb Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$ 5.02 TeV
• Recent Findings from Heavy-Flavor Angular Correlation Measurements in Hadronic Collisions
• Transverse momentum and multiplicity dependence of ${\Lambda }_c^{+}/D^0$ ratio in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV
• Update on Counting Valence Quarks at RHIC
• Evolution of the concept of Quark Matter: the Ianus face of the heavy ion collisions
• Proton/Pion ratios in Δϕwith respect to a jet in sqrt{s_{NN}} =200 GeV Au+Au collisions at STAR
• Transverse Momentum Distributions of Identified Particles in p-Pb Collisions at $\sqrt{{\mathrm{s}}_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02\mathrm{TeV}$
• Energy dependence of resonance production in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Hadronization effects on transverse momentum dependent jet fragmentation function in small systems
• Hadronization from color interactions
• Quark and Gluon Degrees of Freedom in High-Energy Heavy Ion Collisions
• Measurement of the production cross section of prompt ${\Xi }_{\mathrm{c}}^0$ baryons in p$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Determination of the Quark Content of Scalar Mesons Using Hydrodynamical Flow in Heavy Ion Collisions
• Correlations at intermediate $p_T$
• Studying Diquark Structure of Heavy Baryons in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions
• ALICE Physics Summary