Results from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

Abstract

We describe the current status of the heavy ion research program at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The new suite of experiments and the collider energies have opened up new probes of the medium created in the collisions. Our review focuses on the experimental discoveries to date at RHIC and their interpretation in the light of our present theoretical understanding of the dynamics of relativistic heavy ion collisions and of the structure of strongly interacting matter at high energy density.

47 pages, 10 figures, submitted to Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science. The authors invite and appreciate feedback about possible errors and/or inconsistencies in the manuscript

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• Parton coalescence and antiproton/pion anomaly at RHIC
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• Hadron production in heavy ion collisions: Fragmentation and recombination from a dense parton phase
• Bottom-up thermalization in heavy ion collisions
• Hadron production in Au-Au collisions at RHIC
• Energy loss in perturbative QCD
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• Maximum Entropy Analysis of the Spectral Functions in Lattice QCD
• Anisotropic transverse flow and the quark-hadron phase transition
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• Thermodynamics of Two Flavor QCD to Sixth Order in Quark Chemical Potential
• Parton coalescence at RHIC
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• $J/\psi$ and ${\eta }_c$ in the Deconfined Plasma from Lattice QCD
• Fluctuation Probes of Quark Deconfinement
• Hadronic Spectrum of a Holographic Dual of QCD
• Calculating Quenching Weights
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• QCD Thermodynamics with Three Flavors of Improved Staggered Quarks
• Charged Meson Rapidity Distributions in central Au+Au Collisions at sqrt(s_nn) = 200 GeV
• Apparent Thermalization due to Plasma Instabilities in Quark-Gluon Plasma
• Energy Loss of Charm Quarks in the Quark-Gluon Plasma: Collisional vs Radiative
• Open charm yields in d+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{{}_{NN}}}=200$ GeV
• Testing the Color Charge and Mass Dependence of Parton Energy Loss with Heavy-to-light Ratios at RHIC and LHC
• Centrality and pseudorapidity dependence of elliptic flow for charged hadrons in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(sNN) = 200 GeV
• Clocking hadronization in relativistic heavy ion collisions with balance functions
• In-Medium Effects on Charmonium Production in Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Elliptic flow and incomplete equilibration at RHIC
• Recombination of Shower Partons at High $p_T$ in Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Evidence of early multi-strange hadron freeze-out in high energy nuclear collisions
• Multi-strange baryon elliptic flow in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN)= 200 GeV
• Waking the Colored Plasma
• K(892)* Resonance Production in Au+Au and p+p Collisions at sqrt(sNN) = 200 GeV at RHIC
• Jet Quenching
• Mid-rapidity $\Lambda$ and $\bar{\Lambda }$ Production in Au+Au Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{{}_{NN}}}=130$ GeV
• Transport coefficients, spectral functions and the lattice
• Dynamics of Quark-Gluon-Plasma Instabilities in Discretized Hard-Loop Approximation
• Classical Gluodynamics of High Energy Nuclear Collisions: an Erratum and an Update
• Gluon production in the Color Glass Condensate model of collisions of ultrarelativistic finite nuclei
• HTL Perturbation Theory to Two Loops
• Quark Coalescence and Elliptic Flow of Charm Hadrons
• e+e--pair production in Pb-Au collisions at 158 GeV per nucleon
• Gluon Shadowing and Hadron Production at RHIC
• The Azimuthal Asymmetry at large p_t seem to be too large for a ``Jet Quenching''
• Hydrodynamic afterburner for the Color Glass Condensate and the parton energy loss
• A Lattice Calculation of Thermal Dilepton Rates
• Narrowing of the Balance Function with Centrality in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt(sNN) = 130 GeV
• Pionic Measures of Parity and CP Violation in High Energy Nuclear Collisions
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• Does the Charm Flow at RHIC?
• Thermal and Chemical Equilibration in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions
• Phenomenology of Jet Quenching in Heavy Ion Collisions
• Interplay between soft and hard hadronic components for identified hadrons in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Classical Initial Conditions for Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions
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• Measurement of Single Electron Event Anisotropy in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV
• Jet Structure of Baryon Excess in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV
• Jet tomography
• Correlated Emission of Hadrons from Recombination of Correlated Partons
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• Entropy Production at RHIC
• Antilambda production in Au+Au collisions at 11.7 A GeV/c
• Disoriented Chiral Condensate: Theory and Experiment
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• Erratum "The Quark-Gluon-Plasma Liquid"
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• J/ψSuppression in Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions
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• Thermal Recombination: Beyond the Valence Quark Approximation
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• Is there elliptic flow without transverse flow?
• Kinetic equilibration in heavy ion collisions: The role of elastic processes
• Possible Resolutions of the D-Paradox
• Central-to-peripheral nuclear modification factors in Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt{s_NN} = 17.3 GeV
• Jet Quenching in High Energy Heavy Ion Collisions by QCD Synchrotron-like Radiation
• Quark Coalescence and Charm(onium) in QGP
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Cited by in corpus (141)

• Heavy quarkonium: progress, puzzles, and opportunities
• Centrality dependence of $\pi$, K, p production in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 2.76 TeV
• QCD and strongly coupled gauge theories: challenges and perspectives
• Alternative ansatz to wounded nucleon and binary collision scaling in high-energy nuclear collisions
• First Results from Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC
• Multiplicity Dependence of Pion, Kaon, Proton and Lambda Production in p-Pb Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV
• Collective perspective on advances in Dyson-Schwinger Equation QCD
• The Physics of Glueballs
• Pion, kaon, and proton production in central Pb-Pb Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=2.76$ TeV
• Effects of initial flow velocity fluctuation in event-by-event (3+1)D hydrodynamics
• Dense Nuclear Matter Equation of State from Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Power laws in elementary and heavy-ion collisions - A story of fluctuations and nonextensivity?
• Antinuclei in Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Lattice QCD at non-zero temperature
• Elliptic flow for phi mesons and (anti)deuterons in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV
• Electric Charge Separation in Strong Transient Magnetic Fields
• Expanding plasmas and quasinormal modes of anti-de Sitter black holes
• D3-D7 Quark-Gluon Plasmas
• The Surprising Transparency of the sQGP at LHC
• Quantitative Constraints on the Transport Properties of Hot Partonic Matter from Semi-Inclusive Single High Transverse Momentum Pion Suppression in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV
• Nuclear modification factors of phi mesons in d+Au, Cu+Cu and Au+Au collisions at sqrt(S_NN)=200 GeV
• Diagonal and off-diagonal quark number susceptibilities at high temperatures
• Do Evaporating Black Holes Form Photospheres?
• Collective flow in 2.76 A TeV and 5.02 A TeV Pb+Pb collisions
• Acceleration, Energy Loss and Screening in Strongly-Coupled Gauge Theories
• Quantifying properties of hot and dense QCD matter through systematic model-to-data comparison
• Nonextensive hydrodynamics for relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Resolving the Scales of the Quark-Gluon Plasma with Energy Correlators
• Spectra and elliptic flow for identified hadrons in 2.76 A TeV Pb+Pb collisions
• Suppression of the Shear Viscosity in a "semi" Quark Gluon Plasma
• Exploring QCD matter in extreme conditions with Machine Learning
• Photon-Hadron Jet Correlations in p+p and Au+Au Collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV
• Probing the partonic degrees of freedom in high multiplicity p-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$ 5.02 TeV
• Heavy-ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider: a review of the results from Run 1
• Transverse-momentum and event-shape dependence of D-meson flow harmonics in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV
• Correlations of flow harmonics in 2.76A TeV Pb--Pb collisions
• Small shear viscosity in the semi quark gluon plasma
• An overview of the experimental study of quark-gluon matter in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions
• Inverse Anisotropic Catalysis in Holographic QCD
• Thermodynamics of (2+1)-flavor strongly interacting matter at nonzero isospin
• Ultrafast Dynamics of Strongly Correlated Fermions -- Nonequilibrium Green Functions and Selfenergy Approximations
• Quark spectral properties above Tc from Dyson-Schwinger equations
• The shear viscosity of the non-commutative plasma
• QM2017: Status and Key open Questions in Ultra-Relativistic Heavy-Ion Physics
• The strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma created at RHIC
• Shape and flow fluctuations in ultra-central Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC
• Hard thermal loops, to quadratic order, in the background of a spatial 't Hooft loop
• Jet quenching with running coupling including radiative and collisional energy losses
• The Fluid Nature of Quark-Gluon Plasma
• Suppression of $\Lambda (1520)$ resonance production in central Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 2.76 TeV
• Neutral pion and $\eta$ meson production in p-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{{\mathbf{s}}_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• High order flow harmonics of identified hadrons in 2.76 A TeV Pb+Pb collisions
• Effects of mesonic correlations in the QCD phase transition
• Bayesian analysis of quark spectral properties from the Dyson-Schwinger equation
• Modeling of heavy-flavor pair correlations in Au-Au collisions at 200 A GeV at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
• A hybrid model approach for strange and multi-strange hadrons in 2.76 A TeV Pb+Pb collisions
• Phase conversion in a weakly first-order quark-hadron transition
• Hydrodynamics of fundamental matter
• Stability of strings binding heavy-quark mesons
• Overview of high-density QCD studies with the CMS experiment at the LHC
• Determination of Quark-Gluon-Plasma Parameters from a Global Bayesian Analysis
• Global study of nuclear modifications on parton distribution functions
• On the energy deposited by a quark moving in an N=4 SYM plasma
• Hard thermal loops and the entropy of supersymmetric Yang-Mills theories
• Searching for small droplets of hydrodynamic fluid in proton--proton collisions at the LHC
• The first moment of azimuthal anisotropy in nuclear collisions from AGS to LHC energies
• Residues of Correlators in the Strongly Coupled N=4 Plasma
• An overview of experimental results from ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions at the CERN LHC: hard probes
• Center Domains and their Phenomenological Consequences
• (3+1)-dimensional anisotropic fluid dynamics with a lattice QCD equation of state
• Deducing Neutron Star Equation of State Parameters Directly From Telescope Spectra with Uncertainty-Aware Machine Learning
• Deconfining Phase Transition on Lattices with Boundaries at Low Temperature
• Early-Time Energy Loss in a Strongly-Coupled SYM Plasma
• Nuclear matter at high density: Phase transitions, multiquark states, and supernova outbursts
• The high momentum behavior of a quark wake
• Shear viscosity of nucleonic matter
• Phase diagram evolution at finite coupling in strong coupling lattice QCD
• Absorption Lengths in the Holographic Plasma
• Kinematic dependence of azimuthal anisotropies in $p$$+$Au, $d$$+$Au, ${}^3$He+Au at $\sqrt{s_{{}_{NN}}}$ = 200 GeV
• $\eta$ and ${\eta }^{\prime }$ mesons in the Dyson-Schwinger approach at finite temperature
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• Chiral and deconfinement transitions in strong coupling lattice QCD with finite coupling and Polyakov loop effects
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• From soft to hard radiation: the role of multiple scatterings in medium-induced gluon emissions
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• η' Multiplicity and the Witten-Veneziano relation at finite temperature
• Nonperturbative contributions to the QCD pressure
• Medium-modified Jets and Initial State Fluctuations as Sources of Charge Correlations Measured at RHIC
• Heavy Ion Physics at the LHC: What's new ? What's next ?
• The Polyakov loop in various representations in the confined phase of QCD
• $J/\psi$ suppression in Au+Au collisions at RHIC : colour screening scenario in the bag model at variable participant numbers
• Effective Potential in the Strong-coupling Lattice QCD with Next-to-Next-to-Leading Order Effects
• Causal hydrodynamic fluctuations in non-static and inhomogeneous backgrounds
• Color reconnection as a possible mechanism of intermittency in the emission spectra of charged particles in PYTHIA-generated high-multiplicity $\text{pp}$ collisions at energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
• The Gluonic Field of a Heavy Quark in Conformal Field Theories at Strong Coupling
• Jet Quenching at LHC
• Low-lying quasinormal modes of topological AdS black holes and hydrodynamics
• Traces of non-equilibrium dynamics in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Visualisations of coherent centre domains in local Polyakov loops
• First measurements of $N$-subjettiness in central Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=2.76$ TeV
• Jet shape and redistribution of the lost energy from jets in Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC in a multiphase transport model
• Robustness of Sound Speed and Jet Quenching for Gauge/Gravity Models of Hot QCD
• AdS/CFT applications to relativistic heavy ion collisions: a brief review
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• Production and ratio of $\pi$, K, p and $\Lambda$ in Pb + Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 2.76 TeV
• Quasi-Particle Degrees of Freedom versus the Perfect Fluid as Descriptors of the Quark-Gluon Plasma
• Glauber model for small system using anisotropic and inhomogeneous density profile of proton
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• Study of Centrality Dependence of Kinetic Freeze-out Conditions in Pb + Pb Collisions at Root(sNN)= 2.76 TeV
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• Highlights from PHENIX II: Exploring the QCD medium
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• In-medium effects in the holographic quark-gluon plasma
• A New Phase of Matter: Quark-Gluon Plasma Beyond the Hagedorn Critical Temperature
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• Investigating nonflow contribution subtraction in d-Au collisions with AMPT model
• Quark Stars: Features and Findings
• From SPS to RHIC: Maurice and the CERN heavy-ion programme
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• Jet-like correlations of heavy-flavor particles - from RHIC to LHC