The May 1989 outburst of the Soft X-ray Transient GS 2023+338 (V404 Cyg)

Abstract

We re-analyze archival Ginga data of the soft X-ray transient source GS 2023+338 covering the beginning of its May 1989 outburst. The source showed a number of rather unusual features: very high and apparently saturated luminosity, dramatic flux and spectral variability (often on ~1 sec time scale), generally very hard spectrum, with no obvious soft thermal component characteristic for soft/high state. We describe the spectrum obtained at the maximum of flux and we demonstrate that it is very different from spectra of other soft X-ray transients at similar luminosity. We confirm previous suggestions that the dramatic variability was due to heavy and strongly variable photo-electric absorption. We also demonstrate that for a short time the source's spectrum did look like a typical soft/high state spectrum but that this coincided with very heavy absorption.

15 pages, uses mn.sty, submitted to MNRAS

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• Galactic Black HOle Binary Systems
• The X-ray corona in the black-hole binary GRO J1655--40 from the properties of non-harmonically related quasi-periodic oscillations
• Trace the Accretion Geometry of H 1743--322 with Type C Quasi-periodic Oscillations in Multiple Outbursts
• Rapid Optical Variations Correlated with X-rays in the 2015 Second Outburst of V404 Cygni (GS 2023$+$338)
• MAXI and NuSTAR observations of the faint X-ray transient MAXI J1848-015 in the GLIMPSE-C01 Cluster
• The December 2015 re-brightening of V404 Cyg: Variable absorption from the accretion disc outflow
• The relativistic jet of the $\gamma$-ray emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy PKS J1222$+$0413
• Broadband X-ray emission and the reality of the broad iron line from the Neutron Star - White Dwarf X-ray binary 4U 1820-30
• Do stellar-mass and super-massive black holes have similar dining habits?
• The coronal parameters of local Seyfert galaxies
• NGC 7793 P9: An Ultraluminous X-Ray Source Evolved from a Canonical Black Hole X-Ray Binary
• AstroSat detection of a mHz QPO and cyclotron line in IGR J19294+1816 during the 2019 outburst
• {\it Insight}-HXMT View of the BHC Swift J1727.8-1613 during its outburst in 2023
• A Hard-to-Soft State Transition of Aquila X-1 Observed with Suzaku
• Multi-wavelength spectroscopy of the black hole candidate MAXI J1813-095 during its discovery outburst
• Search for coronal temperature variation in Seyfert galaxies
• The very faint hard state of the persistent neutron star X-ray binary SLX 1737-282 near the Galactic centre
• An XMM-Newton Study of Six Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies at z = 0.35--0.92
• Broad-band spectral analysis of LMXB XTE J1710-281 with Suzaku
• Stratified wind from a super-Eddington X-ray binary is slower than expected
• The X-ray spectral-timing contribution of the stellar wind in the hard state of Cyg X-1
• Swift UVOT observations of the 2015 outburst of V404 Cygni
• Spectral state transitions in Circinus ULX5
• A Chandra observation of the millisecond X-ray pulsar IGR J17511-3057
• Multi-wavelength Campaign on the Super-Eddington NLS1 RX J0134.2-4258 -- I. Peculiar X-ray Spectra and Variability
• The study of thermonuclear X-ray bursts in accreting millisecond pulsar MAXI J1816-195 with NuSTAR and NICER
• AstroSat view of the neutron star low-mass X-ray binary GX 340+0
• The long-stable hard state of XTE J1752-223 and the disk truncation dilemma
• Multi-wavelength view of the galactic black-hole binary GRS 1716-249
• The 2013 outburst of a transient very faint X-ray binary, 23" from Sgr A*
• The disk wind in GRS 1915+105 as seen by Insight-HXMT
• X-ray and Optical Observations of the Black Hole Candidate MAXI J1828-249
• Discovery and Long-term Broadband X-ray monitoring of Galactic Black Hole Candidate MAXI J1803-298
• Compact objects in globular clusters
• Reflection features in the X-ray spectrum of Fairall 9 and implications for tests of general relativity
• A New Possible Accretion Scenario for Ultra-Luminous X-ray Sources
• Accretion disc-corona and jet emission from the radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy RX J1633.3+4719
• A Suzaku Observation of the Low-Mass X-Ray Binary GS 1826-238 in the Hard State
• Optical polarization signatures of black hole X-ray binaries
• A NuSTAR and Swift View of the Hard State of MAXI J1813-095
• Revealing Thermal Comptonization of accretion-disk photons in IC4329A with AstroSat
• The thermonuclear X-ray bursts of 4U 1730-22
• Complex Optical/UV and X-ray Variability of the Seyfert 1 galaxy 1H 0419-577
• Variable ionized disk wind in MAXI J1803-298 revealed by NICER
• Evidence of disc reflection in the X-ray spectrum of the neutron star low mass X-ray binary 4U 1636-536
• A faint outburst of the accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar SAX J1748.9-2021 in NGC 6440
• Discovery of cyclotron and narrow Fe K${}_{\alpha }$ lines in HMXB GRO J1750-27
• Study of the reflection spectra of SAX J1748.9-2021
• Phase-resolved spectral analysis of the 11 millihertz quasi-periodic oscillation in the black-hole candidate H1743-322
• Fe K$\alpha$ and Fe K$\beta$ line detection in the NuSTAR spectrum of the ultra-bright Z-source Scorpius X-1
• NICER and Swift/XRT monitoring of the 2023 outburst of Swift J1727.7-1613
• Swift J1728.9-3613 is a black hole X-ray binary: spectral and timing study using NICER
• NuSTAR observations of the ultraluminous X-ray source M33 X-8: a black hole in a very high state?
• Broadband X-ray properties of black holes GRS 1758-258 and 1E 1740.7-2942: AstroSat and NuSTAR results
• Discovery of a long thermonuclear X-ray burst from the ultra-compact binary 4U 1850$-$087
• Spectral Evolution of a Luminous Compact X-Ray Source in NGC 253 with Chandra and XMM-Newton
• The inner flow geometry in MAXI J1820+070 during hard and hard-intermediate states
• Evolution of the Comptonizing medium of the black-hole candidate Swift J1727.8$-$1613 along the hard to hard-intermediate state transition using NICER
• The black hole spin in GRS 1915+105, revisited
• Spectral-Timing Analysis of the Lower kHz QPO in the Low-Mass X-ray Binary Aquila X-1
• Suzaku Observation of the Symbiotic X-Ray Binary IGR J16194-2810
• Rapid spectral transition of the black hole binary V404 Cyg
• NuSTAR spectral analysis of three Seyfert galaxies: NGC 3227, NGC 5548 and MR 2251$-$178
• AstroSat and NuSTAR observations of XTE J1739-285 during the 2019-2020 outburst
• On the ultra-compact nature of the neutron star system 1RXS J170854.4-321857: insights from X-ray spectroscopy
• An extreme Ultraluminous X-ray source X-1 in NGC 5055
• Breaking the rules at $z\simeq$0.45: the rebel case of RBS 1055
• NuSTAR observation of GRO J1744-28 at low mass accretion rate
• AstroSat view of spectral transition in the changing-look active galaxy NGC1566 during the declining phase of the 2018 outburst
• Evidence of hard power-law spectral cutoff and disc reflection features from the X-ray transient XTE J1739-285
• Broadband spectral analysis of Mrk 926 using multi-epoch X-ray observations
• Spectra of Puffy Accretion Discs: the kynbb Fit
• The spin measurement of MAXI J1348-630 using the Insight-HXMT data
• Revisiting the galactic X-ray binary MAXI J1631-479: Implications for high inclination and a massive black hole
• NuSTAR and AstroSat observations of GX 9$+$1: Spectral and temporal studies
• Disk reflection and energetics from the accreting millisecond pulsar SRGA J144459.2-604207
• Evolution of the Accretion Disk and Corona During the Outburst of the Neutron Star Transient MAXI J1807+132
• Swift unveils the orbital period of IGR J18214-1318
• Impact of reflection Comptonization on X-ray reflection spectroscopy: the case of EXO 1846-031
• A Search for X-ray/UV Correlation in the Reflection-Dominated Seyfert 1 Galaxy Mrk 1044
• The origin of the soft excess in the luminous quasar HE 1029-1401
• Broadband observations of the X-ray burster 4U 1705-44 with BeppoSAX
• Timing and spectral studies of Cen X-3 in multiple luminosity states using $\text{AstroSat}$
• Broadband X-ray Spectroscopy and Estimation of Spin of the Galactic Black Hole Candidate GRS 1758-258
• Insight-HXMT Detections of Hard X-ray Tails in Scorpius X-1
• Timing Analysis of V404 Cyg during Its Brightest Outburst with INTEGRAL/SPI
• An evolutionary model for V404 Cyg system
• AstroSat Observation of 2016 Outburst of H 1743-322
• XMM-Newton --NuSTAR monitoring campaign of the Seyfert 1 galaxy IC 4329A
• Accretion Properties and Estimation of Spin of Galactic Black Hole Candidate Swift J1728.9-3613 with NuSTAR during its 2019 outburst
• The Low Temperature Corona in ESO 511$-$G030 Revealed by NuSTAR and XMM-Newton
• Probing thermonuclear bursts and X-ray reflection features in Aql X-1 during 2024 outburst
• A Hidden Pulse: Uncovering a New Timing Signal in Cygnus X-1 with AstroSat
• 20 years of disk winds in 4U 1630-47 -- I. Long-term behavior and influence of hard X-rays
• Relativistic Reflection Modeling in AGN and Related Variability from PCA: A Brief Review
• X-ray spectral properties of the accreting millisecond pulsar IGR J17498-2921 during its 2023 outburst
• AstroSat observation of rapid Type-I thermonuclear burst from the low mass X-ray binary GX 3+1
• Long-term XMM-Newton view of magnetar CXOU J010043.1$-$721134: Comprehensive spectral and temporal results
• Stellar wind structures in the eclipsing binary system IGR J18027-2016
• BeppoSAX and XMM-Newton spectral study of 4U 1735-44
• MITSuME observation of V404 Cygni in the 2015 outburst: Two optical variable components with different variability
• NuSTAR and Swift observations of Swift J1357.2-0933 during an early phase of its 2017 outburst
• The Reliability of Accretion Disk Inclination Derived from X-ray Spectroscopy of Active Galaxies
• Dimming GRS 1915+105 observed with NICER and Insight--HXMT
• A Systematic Search for X-ray Eclipse Events in Active Galactic Nuclei Observed by Swift
• Broad-band spectral analysis of LMXB 2S 0921-63 with Suzaku
• Hyper-massive Black Holes have Faint Broad and Narrow Emission Lines
• Modelling the variable broad-band optical/UV/X-ray spectrum of PG1211+143: Implications for the ionized outflow
• Measuring black hole spins with x-ray reflection spectroscopy: A GRMHD outlook
• RELXILL_NK: A Black Hole Relativistic Reflection Model for Testing General Relativity
• Possible Coronal Geometry in the Hard and Soft State of Black Hole X-ray Binaries from MONK Simulations
• X-ray Absorption and Reprocessing in the $z\sim 2.5$ Lensed Quasar 2MASS J1042+1641
• Spectro-polarimetric study to constrain accretion-ejection properties of MCG-5-23-16 using IXPE and NuSTAR observations
• Black hole spin estimation of XTE J2012+381 using simultaneous observations of Swift/XRT and NuSTAR
• A Detailed Spectral Study of Intermittent-Accreting Millisecond X-ray Pulsar Aql X-1 during Pulse-on and Pulse-off Stages
• Swift J1753.5-0127 : Understanding the accretion geometry through frequency resolved spectroscopy
• Flares in the Changing Look AGN Mrk 590. II: Deep X-ray observations reveal a Comptonizing inner accretion flow
• The Origin of The Soft X-Ray Excess in the Seyfert 1.5 Galaxy ESO 362-G18
• XMM-Newton view of a hard X-ray transient IGR J17497-2821
• A truncated inner disc in the Seyfert 1 galaxy WKK 4438
• Exploring the accretion-ejection geometry of GRS 1915+105 in the obscured state with future X-ray spectro-polarimetry
• Drop in the hard pulsed fraction and a candidate cyclotron line in IGR J16320-4751 seen by NuSTAR
• QPOML: A Machine Learning Approach to Detect and Characterize Quasi-Periodic Oscillations in X-ray Binaries
• NICER Spectral and Timing Analysis of 4U 1630$-$47 and its Heartbeat State
• On the Relation between the Inclination Angle of the Accretion Disk and the Broad-line Region in Active Galactic Nuclei
• Reprocessing from highly ionized gas in the soft spectral state of V4641 Sgr with NuSTAR
• A possible two-fold scenario for the disc-corona of the luminous AGN 1H 0419--577: a high-density disc or a warm corona
• The NuSTAR view of Ultra-Compact X-ray Binaries
• Comprehensive Spectral Analysis of Cyg X-1 using RXTE Data
• Accretion-disk reflection in the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 3783 as viewed by Chandra grating spectroscopy
• X-ray polarization observations of NGC 2110 with IXPE
• Thermal Comptonization in a changing corona in the changing-look active galaxy NGC 1566
• Recurrent Instability in LMXB Accretion Disks: How Strange is GRS 1915+105?
• XMM-Newton and Swift Observations of the Seyfert 1 AGN NGC 5940
• Spectral and timing properties of the black hole candidate X1755-338 observed in 1989-1995
• Broad-band spectral study of LMXB black hole candidate 4U 1957+11 with NuSTAR
• Exploring the spectral characteristics of the periodic burster 4U 1323-62: Type-I X-ray burst and persistent emission
• Testing non-circular black hole spacetime with X-ray reflection
• Evidence for coronal temperature variation in Seyfert 2 ESO 103--035 using NuSTAR observations
• A NICER and AstroSat view of the neutron star low-mass X-ray binary 1A 1246-588
• Tracing the outburst decay of soft X-ray transients Aql X-1 and 4U 1608-52 with XSPECT
• Resolving SLX 1744-299 and SLX 1744-300 in the hard X-ray band: implications for their ultracompact nature
• Photon Escape from Slab Thomson Media: A Scattering-order-resolved Recursive Formalism for Comptonization Applications
• The complex spectral behavior of the newly discovered neutron star X-ray binary Swift J1858.6-0814
• Spectral Analysis of the 2019 and 2022 Outbursts of SAX J1808.4-3658
• Testing General Relativity with Black Hole X-Ray Data and ABHModels
• The extreme properties of the nearby hyper-Eddington accreting Active Galactic Nucleus in IRAS 04416+1215
• Photospheric Radius Expansion and a double-peaked type-I X-ray burst from GRS 1741.9-2853
• Multi-mission view of extragalactic black hole X-ray binaries LMC X-1 and LMC X-3: evolution of broadband spectral features