Time-dependent force-free pulsar magnetospheres: axisymmetric and oblique rotators

Abstract

Magnetospheres of many astrophysical objects can be accurately described by the low-inertia (or "force-free") limit of MHD. We present a new numerical method for solution of equations of force-free relativistic MHD based on the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) approach with a prescription for handling spontaneous formation of current sheets. We use this method to study the time-dependent evolution of pulsar magnetospheres in both aligned and oblique magnetic geometries. For the aligned rotator we confirm the general properties of the time-independent solution of Contopoulos et al. (1999). For the oblique rotator we present the 3D structure of the magnetosphere and compute, for the first time, the spindown power of pulsars as a function of inclination of the magnetic axis. We find the pulsar spindown luminosity to be L = (mu^2 Omega^4/c^3) (1+ sin^2(alpha)) for a star with the dipole moment "mu", rotation frequency "Omega", and magnetic inclination angle "alpha". We also discuss the effects of current sheet resistivity and reconnection on the structure and evolution of the magnetosphere.

Submitted to ApJ Letters; version with higher resolution figures available at http://www.stanford.edu/~anatolys/FfreePulsars.pdf (900kb)

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• Energetics of ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray nuclei
• Timing Noise in Pulsars and Magnetars and the Magnetospheric Moment of Inertia
• The Fundamental Plane Relation for Gamma-Ray Pulsars Implied by 4FGL
• XMM-Newton X-ray Observation of the High-Magnetic-Field Radio Pulsar PSR J1734--3333
• Force-free magnetosphere of an aligned rotator with differential rotation of open magnetic field lines
• Electric field screening in pair discharges and generation of pulsar radio emission
• Magneto-rotational neutron star evolution: the role of core vortex pinning
• Rotational Evolution of The Slowest Radio Pulsar PSR J0250+5854
• On the Origin of Radio Emission from Magnetars
• A Laminar Model for the Magnetic Field Structure in Bow-Shock Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• Modeling gamma-ray light curves with more realistic pulsar magnetospheres
• Pair-Starved Pulsar Magnetospheres
• Charm contribution to ultrahigh-energy neutrinos from newborn magnetars
• Constraints on the steady and pulsed very high energy gamma-ray emission from observations of PSR B1951+32/CTB 80 with the MAGIC Telescope
• Escape of High Energy Particles from Bow-Shock Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• Time evolution of the X-ray and gamma-ray fluxes of the Crab pulsar
• Emission mechanism of GeV-quiet soft gamma-ray pulsars; A case for peculiar geometry?
• Revisiting the dispersion measure of fast radio bursts associated with gamma-ray burst afterglows
• Population study for gamma-ray pulsars: (III) Radiation characteristics and viewing geometry
• Magnetic field structure of relativistic jets without current sheets
• Mechanism of the X-ray and Soft Gamma-ray Emissions from High Magnetic Field Pulsar: PSR B1509-58
• Pulsar Outer-gap Electrodynamics: Hardening of Spectral Shape in the Trailing Peak in Gamma-ray Light Curve
• The 2015 outburst of the accreting millisecond pulsar IGR J17511-3057 as seen by INTEGRAL, Swift and XMM-Newton
• Interaction and ablation of fall-back disks in isolated neutron stars
• PSR J0737-3039B: A probe of radio pulsar emission heights
• Astrophysical jets from boosted compact objects
• The birth mass function of neutron stars
• Size of the Vela Pulsar's Emission Region at 18 cm Wavelength
• Altitude Limits for Rotating Vector Model Fitting of Pulsar Polarization
• Stability of exact force-free electrodynamic solutions and scattering from spacetime curvature
• On the 2018 outburst of the accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar Swift J1756.9-2508 as seen with NICER
• Current closure through the neutron star crust
• A broadband radio study of PSR J0250+5854: the slowest-spinning radio pulsar known
• Are there two types of pulsars?
• The Vela Pulsar With an Active Fallback Disk
• Early Evolution of a Newborn Magnetar with Strong Precession Motion in GRB 180620A
• Localization of binary neutron star mergers with a single Cosmic Explorer
• Differentially rotating force-free magnetosphere of an aligned rotator: analytical solutions in split-monopole approximation
• Numerical Construction of Magnetosphere with Relativistic Two-fluid Plasma Flows
• A Tale of Two Current Sheets
• A necessary condition for supernova fallback invading newborn neutron-star magnetosphere
• X-ray/GeV emissions from Crab-like pulsars in LMC
• Pulsar Wind Nebulae Modeling
• What can PSR J1640-4631 tell us about the internal physics of this neutron star?
• The Panchromatic Afterglow of GW170817: The full uniform dataset, modeling, comparison with previous results and implications
• Dead zone in the polar-cap accelerator of pulsars
• Understanding the coexistence of spin-up and spin-down behaviors in long period X-ray pulsars
• PSR J1840-1419: A very cool neutron star
• On Poynting-Flux-Driven Bubbles and Shocks Around Merging Neutron Star Binaries
• Middle aged $\gamma$-ray pulsar J1957+5033 in X-rays: pulsations, thermal emission and nebula
• High-Energy Photon Opacity in the Twisted Magnetospheres of Magnetars
• Solving the Pulsar Equation using Physics-Informed Neural Networks
• Tackling Radio Polarization of Energetic Pulsars
• Stokes tomography of radio pulsar magnetospheres. II. Millisecond pulsars
• Progenitor neutron stars of the lightest and heaviest millisecond pulsars
• Modelling spin-up episodes in accreting millisecond X-ray pulsars
• Isolated pulsar population synthesis with simulation-based inference
• On the Global Structure of Pulsar Force-free Magnetosphere
• A note on the cyclic evolution of the pulsar magnetosphere
• The Equatorial Current Sheet and other interesting features of the Pulsar Magnetosphere
• Radiation by the superluminally moving current sheet in the magnetosphere of a neutron star
• The initial evolution of millisecond magnetars: an analytical solution
• Magnetar central engines in gamma-ray busts follow the universal relation of accreting magnetic stars
• Continuous gravitational wave detection to understand the generation mechanism of fast radio bursts
• Classification of pulsars with Dirichlet process Gaussian mixture model
• On magnetic fields of radio pulsars
• Rotational asymmetry of pulsar profiles
• On the Diversity of Compact Objects within Supernova Remnants II: Energy Loss Mechanisms
• Realistic Modeling of the Pulse Profile of PSR J0737-3039A
• On the new braking index of PSR B0540-69: further support for magnetic field growth of neutron stars following submergence by fallback accretion
• Postmerger multimessenger analysis of binary neutron stars: Effect of the magnetic field strength and topology
• An Alternative Numerical Method for the Stationary Pulsar Magnetosphere
• Relating the Kick Velocities of Young Pulsars with Magnetic Field Growth Timescales Inferred From Braking Indices
• On the energy budget of starquake-induced repeating fast radio bursts
• Radiative pulsar magnetospheres: aligned rotator
• General-relativistic monopole magnetosphere of neutron stars: a pseudo-spectral discontinuous Galerkin approach
• Numerical simulations of mass loading in the tails of Bow Shock Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• Synthetic pulsar lightcurves from global kinetic simulations and comparison with the Fermi-LAT catalog
• Hybrid Numerical Simulations of Pulsar Magnetospheres
• On the peculiar long-term orbital evolution of the eclipsing accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar SWIFT J1749.4-2807
• Radiative pulsar magnetospheres: oblique rotators
• Three-dimensional dissipative pulsar magnetospheres with Aristotelian electrodynamics
• Diffusivity in force-free simulations of global magnetospheres
• Radio Emission of Pulsars. I. Slow Tearing of a Quantizing Magnetic Field
• Strangelets accelerated by pulsars in galactic cosmic rays
• GRB 111209A/SN 2011kl: Collapse of a supramassive magnetar with r-mode oscillation and fall-back accretion onto a newborn black hole
• Axisymmetric force-free magnetosphere of a pulsar. I. The structure close to the magnetic axis
• Investigating cannibalistic millisecond pulsar binaries using MESA: New constraints from pulsar spin and mass evolution
• Scaling up global kinetic models of pulsar magnetospheres using a hybrid force-free-PIC numerical approach
• More than meets the eye: magnetars in disguise
• Extinct radio pulsars as a source of subrelativistic positrons
• Fundamental physics with neutron stars
• Method of the Particle-in-Cell Simulation for the Y-point in the Pulsar Magnetosphere
• X-ray study of Variable Gamma-ray Pulsar PSR J2021+4026
• Modeling the non-recycled Fermi gamma-ray pulsar population
• OSIRIS-GR: General relativistic activation of the polar cap of a compact neutron star
• Multidimensional relativistic MHD simulations of Pulsar Wind Nebulae: dynamics and emission
• Direct Microlensing-Reverberation Observations of the Intrinsic magnetic Structure of AGN in Different Spectral States: A Tale of Two Quasars
• Coupled axisymmetric pulsar magnetospheres
• Modeling Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• Hints of a second explosion (a quark nova) in Cassiopeia A Supernova
• 3D Relativistic MHD Simulations of Pulsar Bow Shock Nebulae
• Pulsar Emission Physics: The First Fifty Years
• Comparison of magnetic diffusion and reconnection in ideal and resistive relativistic magnetohydrodynamics, ideal magnetodynamics, and resistive force-free electrodynamics
• Refinement of the timing-based estimator of pulsar magnetic fields
• Hot Electromagnetic Outflows I: Acceleration and Spectra
• QED Plasma and Magnetars
• The electromagnetic radiation whose decay violates the inverse-square law: detailed mathematical treatment of an experimentally realized example
• Force-free wave interaction in magnetar magnetospheres: Computational modeling in axisymmetry
• Axisymmetric force-free magnetosphere of a pulsar. II. Transition from the self-consistent two-fluid model
• Does the gamma-ray binary LS I +61°303 harbor a magnetar?
• The radio shut-off, glitch, and X-ray burst in 1E 1547.0-5408 interpreted through magnetic reconfiguration
• A novel approach for the analysis of the geometry involved in determining light curves of pulsars
• The Contribution of Millisecond Pulsars to the Galactic Cosmic-Ray Lepton Spectrum
• General solution for the vacuum electromagnetic field in the surroundings of a rotating star
• Pulsar striped winds
• A ring-of-fire in the pulsar magnetosphere
• Does a strong particle accelerator arise very close to the light cylinder in a pulsar magnetosphere?
• Relativistic Expansion of Magnetic Loops at the Self-similar Stage
• Exploring the energy-dependent radiation properties in dissipative magnetospheres with Fermi pulsars
• Multipolar Electromagnetic Emission of Newborn Magnetar
• Nonlinear Alfvén-wave Dynamics and Premerger Emission from Crustal Oscillations in Neutron Star Mergers
• MHD models of Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• High-energy neutrino signatures from pulsar remnants of binary neutron-star mergers: coincident detection prospects with gravitational waves
• Observational evidence for a spin-up line in the P-Pdot diagram of millisecond pulsars
• Measuring the magnetic dipole moment and magnetospheric fluctuations of SXP 18.3 with a Kalman filter
• An Improved Algorithm for Crossing Curved Light Surfaces: rapidly rotating pulsar magnetospheres in curved spacetime
• General-relativistic resistive-magnetohydrodynamics simulations of self-consistent magnetized rotating neutron stars
• The Crab pulsar at VHE
• The Galactic population of magnetars : a simulation-based inference study
• Pulsar Magnetospheres and Pulsar Winds
• Polarized QED Cascades over Pulsar Polar Caps
• Timing and Evolution of PSR B0950+08
• Population study for gamma-ray pulsars; II Millisecond pulsars
• A Revisit of the Two-Pole Caustic Model for GeV Light Curves of Gamma-Ray Pulsars
• Computational General Relativistic Force-Free Electrodynamics: I. Multi-Coordinate Implementation and Testing
• A scenario of the formation of isolated X-ray pulsars with anomalously long period
• Relativistic MHD modeling of magnetized neutron stars, pulsar winds, and their nebulae
• Electromagnetic spin down of a transient accreting millisecond pulsar during quiescence
• Spheroidal force-free neutron star magnetospheres
• Magnetic absorption of VHE photons in the magnetosphere of the Crab pulsar
• Modeling Radio Circular Polarization in the Crab Nebula
• The effective magnetic field decay of radio pulsars: insights from the statistical properties of their spin frequency's second derivatives
• Single Pulse Variability in Gamma-ray Pulsars
• Radio spectra of pulsars fitted with the spectral distribution function of the emission from their current sheet
• On the primary beam deceleration in the pulsar wind
• General relativistic force-free electrodynamics with a discontinuous Galerkin-finite difference hybrid method
• Global current circuit structure in a resistive pulsar magnetosphere model
• General-relativistic magnetar magnetospheres in 3D with physics-informed neural networks
• Bayesian Inference on the Radio-quietness of Gamma-ray Pulsars
• Quasi-steady emission from repeating fast radio bursts can be explained by magnetar wind nebulae
• The Pulsating Pulsar Magnetosphere
• Gamma-ray spectra of the Crab, Vela and Geminga pulsars fitted with SED of the emission from their current sheet
• QED effects are negligible for neutron-star spin-down
• Statistics of VHE gamma-Rays in Temporal Association with Radio Giant Pulses from the Crab Pulsar
• X-ray spectral properties of the accreting millisecond pulsar IGR J17498-2921 during its 2023 outburst
• On the initial spin periods of magnetars born in weak supernova explosions and their gravitational wave radiation
• Spheroidal magnetic stars rotating in vacuum
• Broad-band X-ray spectral and timing properties of the accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar IGR J17498$-$2921 during the 2023 outburst
• Recycling Pulsars: spins, masses and ages
• Stimulated-emission based model of fast radio bursts
• On the role of magnetic fields into the dynamics and gravitational wave emission of binary neutron stars
• The pulsar synchrotron: coherent radio emission
• Properties of white dwarf in the binary system AR Scorpii and its observed features
• Imprint of magnetic obliquity in apparent spin-down of radio pulsars
• Off-centred force-free neutron star magnetospheres
• Investigating the neutron star physics through observations of several young pulsars in the dipole-field re-emergence scenario
• On the Angular Momentum Extraction from the Rotation Powered Pulsars
• Rotation and dispersion measure evolution of repeating fast radio bursts propagating through a magnetar flare ejecta
• Luminous Fast Blue Optical Transients as "Failed" Gravitational-wave Sources: Helium Core$-$Black Hole Mergers Following Delayed Dynamical Instability
• Central compact objects and their magnetic fields
• Physics of radio emission in gamma-ray pulsars
• Full simulation of the open field lines above pulsar's polar cap - Part I
• Impact of temperature asymmetry and small fraction of static positive ions on the relaxed states of a relativistic hot pair plasma
• Interlinking internal and external magnetic fields of relativistically rotating neutron stars
• Evidence for the spin-kick alignment of pulsars from the statistics of their magnetic inclinations
• Radio pulsar population synthesis with consistent flux measurements using simulation-based inference
• Pulsar current sheet Cerenkov radiation
• Observational Constraints on the Pulsar Wind Model: The Cases of Crab and Vela
• Relativistic-Amplitude electromagnetic waves - Beating the "magnetic" barrier
• Search for interpulses in a complete sample of pulsars at a frequency of 111 MHz
• General relativistic calculation of magnetic field and Power loss for a misaligned pulsar
• XMM-Newton observations of PSR J0554+3107: pulsing thermal emission from a cooling high-mass neutron star
• Acceleration Potential and Density Profile of Secondary Plasma in the Magnetosphere of Orthogonal Pulsars
• Steady-State Axisymmetric MHD Solutions with Various Boundary Conditions
• Periodic Activities of Fast Radio Burst Repeaters from Precessing Magnetars with Evolving Obliquity
• Safety first: Stability and dissipation of line-tied force-free flux tubes in magnetized coronae
• Rotating neutron stars without light cylinders
• Pulsars as candidates of LHAASO sources J2226+6057, J1908+0621 and J1825-1326
• Pulsar Population Synthesis with Magnetorotational Evolution: Constraining the Decay of Magnetic field
• Rapid Hierarchical Inference of Neutron Star Equation of State from multiple Gravitational Wave Observations of Binary Neutron Star Coalescences
• Glitches in four gamma-ray pulsars and inferences on the neutron star structure
• Corotating light cylinders and Alfvén waves
• General-relativistic and non-ideal radiative cooling in neutron star magnetospheres
• Gamma-ray Pulsar Emission is Mostly Stable on Timescales from Minutes to Years
• The role of equation of state on the spin-up of millisecond pulsars
• On the internal structure of the current sheet in the pulsar wind
• Could the stochastic gravitational wave background from newborn magnetars be detected by the advanced LIGO and Einstein Telescope?
• Constraining the quantum gravity polymer scale using LIGO data
• The 3D pulsar magnetosphere with machine learning: first results
• Radio pulsar variability
• Radio polarization of millisecond pulsars with multipolar magnetic fields
• Magnetar-like flares behind the high-energy emission in LS 5039
• Young radio-loud gamma-ray pulsar light-curve fitting
• Probing the properties of the pulsar wind via studying the dispersive effects in the pulses from the pulsar companion in a double neutron-star binary system
• The Galactic population of canonical pulsars
• Pulsars as candidates of LHAASO sources J2226+6057, J1908+0621 and J1825-1326: The leptonic origin
• Towards Modelling AR Sco: Calibration -- Reproducing High-Energy Pulsar Emission and Testing Convergence to Aristotelian Electrodynamics
• Evolution of Crab Pulsar: Magnetic Inclination Angle and Spin
• Electromagnetic Precursors to Binary Neutron Star Mergers: Kinetic Simulations of Magnetospheric Flaring
• Whistler-Alfvén turbulence in a non-neutral ultrarelativistic pair plasma
• Continuous Gravitational Waves from Supersoft X-ray Sources: Promising Targets for deci-Hz Detectors
• Investigating the emission signatures of pulsar halo candidate HESS J1813-126
• Multi-wavelength emission in resistive pulsar magnetospheres
• The pulsar gamma-ray emission from the high-resolution dissipative magnetospheres
• The 2025 outburst of IGR J17511-3057: timing and spectral insights from NICER and NuSTAR
• The complex charm of the pulsar magnetosphere
• Revealing the Unseen: The Discovery of Long-Awaited Radiation from the Intermittent Pulsar PSR B1931+24
• Gamma-radiation sky maps from compact binaries