The Spectra of T Dwarfs I: Near-Infrared Data and Spectral Classification

Abstract

We present near-infrared spectra for a sample of T dwarfs, including eleven new discoveries made using the Two Micron All Sky Survey. These objects are distinguished from warmer (L-type) brown dwarfs by the presence of methane absorption bands in the 1--2.5 $\micron$ spectral region. A first attempt at a near-infrared classification scheme for T dwarfs is made, based on the strengths of CH${}_4$ and H${}_2$O bands and the shapes of the 1.25, 1.6, and 2.1 $\micron$ flux peaks. Subtypes T1 V through T8 V are defined, and spectral indices useful for classification are presented. The subclasses appear to follow a decreasing T${}_{eff}$ scale, based on the evolution of CH${}_4$ and H${}_2$O bands and the properties of L and T dwarfs with known distances. However, we speculate that this scale is not linear with spectral type for cool dwarfs, due to the settling of dust layers below the photosphere and subsequent rapid evolution of spectral morphology around T${}_{eff}$ $\sim$ 1300--1500 K. Similarities in near-infrared colors and continuity of spectral features suggest that the gap between the latest L dwarfs and earliest T dwarfs has been nearly bridged. This argument is strengthened by the possible role of CH${}_4$ as a minor absorber shaping the K-band spectra of the latest L dwarfs. Finally, we discuss one peculiar T dwarf, 2MASS 0937+2931, which has very blue near-infrared colors (J-K${}_s$ = $-0.89\pm$0.24) due to suppression of the 2.1 $\micron$ peak. The feature is likely caused by enhanced collision-induced H${}_2$ absorption in a high pressure or low metallicity photosphere.

74 pages including 26 figures, accepted by ApJ v563 December 2001; full paper including all of Table 3 may be downloaded from http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~pa/adam/classification ;also see submission 0108443

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• Near-infrared spectra of the inflated post-common envelope brown dwarf NLTT 5306B
• Probing Late-type T dwarf J-H Color Outliers for Signs of Age
• Diversity of Cold Worlds: A Near Complete Spectral Energy Distribution for 2MASS J04151954-0935066 using JWST
• M Subdwarf Research III. Spectroscopic Diagnostics for Breaking Parameter Degeneracy
• Short-term spectroscopic monitoring of two cool dwarfs with strong magnetic fields
• Orbital Separation Amplification in Fragile Binaries with Evolved Components
• The stellar to sub-stellar masses transition in 47 Tuc
• Spectral analysis of two directly imaged benchmark L dwarf companions at the stellar-substellar boundary
• Atmospheric model-trained machine learning selection and classification of ultracool TY dwarfs
• The Brown Dwarf Kinematics Project (BDKP). V. Radial and Rotational Velocities of T Dwarfs from Keck/NIRSPEC High-Resolution Spectroscopy
• The Gaia Ultracool Dwarf Sample -- IV. GTC/OSIRIS optical spectra of Gaia late-M and L dwarfs
• Effect of Dust Size on the Near-Infrared Spectra (1.0-5.0 $\mu$m) of Brown Dwarf Atmospheres
• Benchmark brown dwarfs -- I. A blue M2 + T5 wide binary and a probable young [M4 + M4] + [T7 + T8] hierarchical quadruple
• JWST high-contrast spectroscopy with speckle modelling: Atmospheric retrievals of the T dwarf companion HD 19467 B
• Using Old and New Approaches: Determining Physical Properties of Brown Dwarfs with Empirical Relations and Machine Learning Models
• Multiplicity Study of exoplanet host stars: The HD3651AB system
• SpeX Spectroscopy of Unresolved Very Low-Mass Binaries. I. Identification of Seventeen Candidate Binaries Straddling the L Dwarf/T Dwarf Transition
• Spectral Classification; Old and Contemporary
• Disentangling the Signatures of Blended-Light Atmospheres in L/T Transition Brown Dwarfs
• Silicate Clouds, SiO, and Molecular Trends across the L-T Sequence: A JWST/MIRI LRS Spectral Library of Brown Dwarfs
• Optical and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of the L Subdwarf SDSS J125637.13-022452.4