Supernova Muons: New Constraints on Z' Bosons, Axions, and ALPs

Abstract

New light particles produced in supernovae can lead to additional energy loss and a consequent deficit in neutrino production in conflict with the neutrinos observed from Supernova 1987A (SN1987A). Contrary to the majority of previous SN1987A studies, we examine the impact of $Z^{\prime }$ bosons, axions, and axion-like particles (ALPs) interacting with the muons produced in SN1987A. For the first time, we find constraints on generic $Z^{\prime }$ bosons coupled to muons, and apply our results to particle models including gauged $L_{\mu }-L_{\tau }$ number, $U(1{)}_{L_{\mu }-L_{\tau }}$, and gauged $B-L$ number, $U(1{)}_{B-L}$. We constrain $Z^{\prime }$ bosons with masses up to about 250-500 MeV, and down to about $10^{-9}$ in $Z^{\prime }$-muon coupling. We also extend previous work on axion-muon couplings by examining the importance of loop-level interactions, as well as performing calculations over a wider range of axion masses. We constrain muon-coupled axions from arbitrarily low masses up to about 200-500 MeV, with bounds extending down to axion-muon couplings of approximately $10^{-8}$ GeV${}^{-1}$. We conclude that supernovae broadly provide a sensitive probe of new lightly-coupled particles interacting with muons.

29 pages, several hot pink figures. v2: figs 7 and 8 updated, references added

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