Searching for Afterglow: Light Dark Matter Boosted by Supernova Neutrinos

Abstract

A novel analysis is performed, incorporating time-of-flight (TOF) information to study the interactions of dark matter (DM) with standard model particles. After supernova (SN) explosions, DM with mass $m_{\chi }\lesssim \mathcal{O}(\mathrm{MeV})$ in the halo can be boosted by SN neutrinos (SN$\nu$) to relativistic speed. The SN$\nu$ boosted DM (BDM) arrives on Earth with TOF which depends only on $m_{\chi }$ and is independent of the cross section. These BDMs can interact with detector targets in low-background experiments and manifest as afterglow events after the arrival of SN$\nu$. The characteristic TOF spectra of the BDM events can lead to large background suppression and unique determination of $m_{\chi }$. New cross section constraints on $\sqrt{{\sigma }_{\chi e}{\sigma }_{\chi \nu }}$ are derived from SN1987a in the Large Magellanic Cloud with data from the Kamiokande and Super-Kamiokande experiments. Potential sensitivities for the next galactic SN with Hyper-Kamiokande are projected. This analysis extends the existing bounds on $\sqrt{{\sigma }_{\chi e}{\sigma }_{\chi \nu }}$ over a broad range of $r_{\chi }={\sigma }_{\chi \nu }/{\sigma }_{\chi e}$. In particular, the improvement is by 1-3 orders of magnitude for $m_{\chi }<\mathcal{O}(100\mathrm{keV})$ for ${\sigma }_{\chi e}\sim {\sigma }_{\chi \nu }$. Prospects of exploiting TOF information in other astrophysical systems to probe exotic physics with other DM candidates are discussed.

arXiv commentPRL accepted, matched published version. Code availability added in this revision

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