Dark energy two decades after: Observables, probes, consistency tests

Abstract

The discovery of the accelerating universe in the late 1990s was a watershed moment in modern cosmology, as it indicated the presence of a fundamentally new, dominant contribution to the energy budget of the universe. Evidence for dark energy, the new component that causes the acceleration, has since become extremely strong, owing to an impressive variety of increasingly precise measurements of the expansion history and the growth of structure in the universe. Still, one of the central challenges of modern cosmology is to shed light on the physical mechanism behind the accelerating universe. In this review, we briefly summarize the developments that led to the discovery of dark energy. Next, we discuss the parametric descriptions of dark energy and the cosmological tests that allow us to better understand its nature. We then review the cosmological probes of dark energy. For each probe, we briefly discuss the physics behind it and its prospects for measuring dark energy properties. We end with a summary of the current status of dark energy research.

arXiv commentInvited review for Rep. on Prog. Phys.; 38 pages and 12 figures. Original figures available for download at http://www-personal.umich.edu/~huterer/DE_REVIEW_ROPP/ropp_de_review_plots.html. v2 matches the published version

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• Tracing the cosmic history by Gauss-Bonnet gravity
• Bayesian model selection on Scalar $\epsilon$-Field Dark Energy
• Mass Variance from Archival X-ray Properties of Dark Energy Survey Year-1 Galaxy Clusters
• Can the quantum vacuum fluctuations really solve the cosmological constant problem?
• Kerr-Newman-Jacobi geometry and the deflection of charged massive particles
• Warped vacuum energy by black holes
• Hints for possible low redshift oscillation around the best fit $\Lambda$CDM model in the expansion history of the Universe
• Probing Cosmology and Cluster Astrophysics with Multi-Wavelength Surveys I. Correlation Statistics
• Weighing massive neutron star with screening gravity: A look on PSR J0740+6620 and GW190814 secondary component
• Aging Halos: Implications of the Magnitude Gap on Conditional Statistics of Stellar and Gas Properties of Massive Halos
• Coupled Multi Scalar Field Dark Energy
• Two sides of the same coin: sterile neutrinos and dark radiation. Status and perspectives
• Implications of cosmologically coupled black holes for pulsar timing arrays
• Enhancing cosmic shear with the multi-scale lensing PDF
• Non-Linear Matter Power Spectrum Modeling in Interacting Dark Energy Cosmologies
• C${}^3$-Cluster Clustering Cosmology II. First detection of the BAO peak in the three-point correlation function of galaxy clusters
• Euler-Heisenberg black hole surrounded by quintessence in the background of perfect fluid dark matter: Thermodynamics, Shadows and Quasinormal modes
• Emergent dark energy from unparticles
• Schwarzschild Black Hole Surrounded by Perfect Fluid Dark Matter in the presence of Quintessence Matter Field
• A brief review on cosmological analysis of galaxy surveys with multiple tracers
• Thermodynamic and Optical Behaviors of Quintessential Hayward-AdS Black Holes
• Searching for modified gravity in the astrophysical gravitational wave background: Application to ground-based interferometers
• Measuring dark energy with expansion and growth
• Testing non-local gravity by clusters of galaxies
• Probing modified gravitational-wave propagation with extreme mass-ratio inspirals
• Compact Binary Merger Rate in Dark-Matter Spikes
• Measuring the cosmic expansion rate using 21-cm velocity acoustic oscillations
• A Test of the Standard Cosmological Model with Geometry and Growth
• Limited Modified Gravity
• Growth of structures and redshift-space distortion data in scale-dependent gravity
• Neutron Stars in Modified Teleparallel Gravity
• Primordial Black Hole Merger Rate in $f(R)$ Gravity
• Novel Effect Induced by Spacetime Curvature in Quantum Hydrodynamics
• Dark sector unifications: dark matter-phantom energy, dark matter -- constant $w$ dark energy, dark matter-dark energy-dark matter
• Multi-component DHOST analysis in galaxy clusters
• Constraints on Dark Energy Models Using Late Universe Probes
• Dynamical description of a quintom cosmological model nonminimally coupled with gravity
• Is gravity getting weaker at low z? Observational evidence and theoretical implications
• ISiTGR: Testing deviations from GR at cosmological scales including dynamical dark energy, massive neutrinos, functional or binned parametrizations, and spatial curvature
• Low-redshift constraints on homogeneous and isotropic universes with torsion
• Nonlinear spherical perturbations in Quintessence Models of Dark Energy
• The limits of cosmology: role of the Moon
• Bounce corrections to gravitational lensing, quasinormal spectral stability and gray-body factors of Reissner-Nordström black holes
• Photometric Supernovae Redshift Systematics Requirements
• Effect of a High-Precision Semi-Analytical Mass Function on the Merger Rate of Primordial Black Holes in Dark Matter Halos
• Cosmic Time Slip: Testing Gravity on Supergalactic Scales with Strong-Lensing Time Delays
• Gravitational waves in higher-order $R^2$ gravity
• Deflection of Light by a Rotating Black Hole Surrounded by "Quintessence"
• Constraints on the Transition Redshift using Hubble Phase Space Portrait
• Joint cosmology and mass calibration from tSZ cluster counts and cosmic shear
• The Integrated Sachs-Wolfe Effect in the Bulk Viscous Dark Energy Model
• Solar chameleons: Novel channels
• The little rip in classical and quantum $f(R)$ cosmology
• Primordial Black Hole-Neutron Star Merger Rate in Modified Gravity
• Dark Matter Cosmology with Varying Viscosity: a Possible Resolution to the $S_8$ Tension
• On the concordance of cosmological data in the case of the generalized Chaplygin gas
• Coupled dark energy model inspired from general conformal transformation
• Classical and quantum $f(R)$ cosmology: The big rip, the little rip and the little sibling of the big rip
• Halo Counts-in-cells for Cosmological Models with Different Dark Energy
• A model-independent test of the evolution of gas depletion factor for SPT-SZ and Planck ESZ clusters
• Efficient Mass Estimate at the Core of Strong Lensing Galaxy Clusters Using the Einstein Radius
• Reconstruction of Dynamical Dark Energy Potentials: Quintessence, Tachyon and interacting models
• Probing Gravitational Slip with Strongly Lensed Fast Radio Bursts
• Galaxy cluster hydrostatic masses using Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equation
• SIDE-real: Supernova Ia Dust Extinction with truncated marginal neural ratio estimation applied to real data
• f(R,T) Gravity Model Behaving as a Dark Energy Source
• Modern Cosmology, an Amuse-Gueule
• Compact star in noninteger power model of $f(R)$ gravity
• Quintessential Implications of the presence of AdS in the Dark Energy sector
• Reconstruction of the dark energy scalar field potential by Gaussian process
• Analytical solutions for two inhomogeneous cosmological models with energy flow and dynamical curvature
• Stress testing the dark energy equation of state imprint on supernova data
• Precise peculiar velocities from gravitational waves accompanied by electromagnetic signals and cosmological applications
• Investigating the dynamical models of cosmology with recent observations and upcoming gravitational-wave data
• Isolating the linear signal when making redshift space distortion measurements
• Unveiling the Universe with Emerging Cosmological Probes
• Core Mass Estimates in Strong Lensing Galaxy Clusters Using a Single-Halo Lens Model
• Interacting dark sector: Lagrangian formulation based on two canonical scalar fields
• Compact Binary Merger Rate with Modified Gravity in Dark-Matter Spikes
• Nonlinear structure formation in Bound Dark Energy
• Dark Energy in the DESI Era: A Brief Review of Evidence, Beyond-$\Lambda$CDM Interpretations, and Tensions
• Non-linear spherical collapse in tachyon models, and a comparison of collapse in tachyon and quintessence models of dark energy
• A Higher Dimensional Cosmological Model for the Search of Dark Energy Source
• A comprehensive data-driven odyssey to explore the equation of state of dark energy
• Studies on dark energy evolution
• Constraining late-time transitions in the dark energy equation of state
• The Hubble constant from galaxy cluster scaling-relation and SNe Ia observations: a consistency test
• Transient dark energy, cosmological constant boundary crossing and dark energy $w(z)$ data fits
• Effects of Dark Energy anisotropic stress on the matter power spectrum
• Fine-structure constant constraints on late-time dark energy transitions
• Misinterpreting Modified Gravity as Dark Energy: a Quantitative Study
• Galaxy clusters, cosmic chronometers and the Einstein equivalence principle
• Effect of Peak Absolute Magnitude of Type Ia Supernovae and Sound Horizon Values on Hubble Tension using DESI results
• The Djorgovski-Gurzadyan dark energy integral equation and the Hubble diagram
• Improving Galaxy Cluster Selection with the Outskirt Stellar Mass of Galaxies
• Deflection of charged massive particles by a four-dimensional charged Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet black hole
• The distance modulus in dark energy and Cardassian cosmologies via the hypergeometric function
• Confronting dark energy in Harada's Conformal Killing Gravity with observational data
• Galaxy cluster hydrostatic bias in Kottler spacetime
• Equivalence of Dark Energy Models: A Theoretical and Bayesian Perspective
• Cosmology of the non-local Proca theory
• Generation of effective massive Spin-2 fields through spontaneous symmetry breaking of scalar field
• Testing General Relativity with Cosmological Large Scale Structure
• Quantum fluctuations and semiclassicality in an inflaton-driven evolution
• Signatures of Solar Chameleons in the Earth's Magnetic Field
• Dark matter fluid constraints from galaxy rotation curves
• Varying Alpha Generalized Dirac-Born-Infeld Models
• Ricci cosmology in light of astronomical data
• Fermionic Tachyons as a Source of Dark Energy
• Dynamical curvature in a nonstandard cosmological model
• Extremal cosmological black holes in Horndeski gravity and the anti-evaporation regime
• Towards a Machine Learning Solution for Hubble Tension: Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) Analysis of Tsallis Holographic Dark Energy in Presence of Neutrinos
• Game Theory in Cosmology
• Correlation of structure growth index with current cosmic acceleration: constraints on dark energy models
• Replicating weak-lensing summary-statistic covariances with normalizing flows
• Quantum Physics in Space
• Cosmological and lunar laser ranging constraints on evolving dark energy in a nonminimally coupled curvature-matter gravity model
• Cosmology in the mimetic higher-curvature $f(R,R_{\mu \nu }{R}^{\mu \nu })$ gravity
• Cosmological Implications of Thermodynamic Split Conjecture
• Implications of a high growth index on the variation of $G$
• Core Mass Estimates in Strong Lensing Galaxy Clusters: a Comparison Between Masses Obtained from Detailed Lens Models, Single-Halo Lens Models, and Einstein Radii
• Thermodynamic Split Conjecture and an Observational Test for Cosmological Entropy
• Late time cosmological solutions in $f(R,T)$ gravity in a viscous Universe
• Future Dark Energy Constraints from Atomic Clocks
• Signatures of Extended Dark Energy Parametrisations in Structure Formation under Background Constraints
• Evolution of matter perturbations in the context of cosmic slowing down
• Hubble tension problem encompassed by phase-space quantum cosmology
• Expansion series of the pairwise velocity generating function and its implications on redshift space distortion modeling
• Post-Newtonian Constraints on Scalar-Tensor Gravity
• Statistical consistency of sign-switching vacuum energy with cosmological observations