Molecfit: A general tool for telluric absorption correction II. Quantitative evaluation on ESO-VLT X-Shooter spectra

Abstract

Context: Absorption by molecules in the Earth's atmosphere strongly affects ground-based astronomical observations. The resulting absorption line strength and shape depend on the highly variable physical state of the atmosphere, i.e. pressure, temperature, and mixing ratio of the different molecules involved. Usually, supplementary observations of so-called telluric standard stars (TSS) are needed to correct for this effect, which is expensive in terms of telescope time. We have developed the software package molecfit to provide synthetic transmission spectra based on parameters obtained by fitting narrow ranges of the observed spectra of scientific objects. These spectra are calculated by means of the radiative transfer code LBLRTM and an atmospheric model. In this way, the telluric absorption correction for suitable objects can be performed without any additional calibration observations of TSS. Aims: We evaluate the quality of the telluric absorption correction using molecfit with a set of archival ESO-VLT X-Shooter visible and near-infrared spectra. Methods: Thanks to the wavelength coverage from the U to the K band, X-Shooter is well suited to investigate the quality of the telluric absorption correction with respect to the observing conditions, the instrumental set-up, input parameters of the code, the signal-to-noise of the input spectrum, and the atmospheric profiles. These investigations are based on two figures of merit, I_off and I_res, that describe the systematic offsets and the remaining small-scale residuals of the corrections. We also compare the quality of the telluric absorption correction achieved with moelcfit to the classical method based on a telluric standard star. (Abridged)

Acc. by A&A; Software available via ESO: http://www.eso.org/sci/software/pipelines/skytools/

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• X-shooter, the new wide band intermediate resolution spectrograph at the ESO Very Large Telescope
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• CO radial gradients in the bulge of M31
• Radial Velocity Measurements of an Orbiting Star Around Sgr A*
• The GAPS programme at TNG LXVI. A homogeneous search for Na i and its possible variability in ten gas giant exoplanets
• Refined Telluric Absorption Correction for Low-Resolution Ground-Based Spectroscopy: Resolution and Radial Velocity Effects in the O2 A-Band for Exoplanets and K I Emission Lines
• Study of the atmospheric conditions at Cerro Armazones using astronomical data
• High-resolution transmission spectroscopy of the hot-Saturn HD 149026b
• An unusual reservoir of water emission in the VV CrA A protoplanetary disk
• CRIRES high-resolution infrared spectroscopy of the long-period Cepheid l Car
• Probing accretion and stellar properties in the Orion Nebula with VLT/X-Shooter
• Tighter constraints on the atmosphere of GJ 436 b from combined high-resolution CARMENES and CRIRES${}^{+}$ observations
• The ESPRESSO transmission spectrum of HD189733b : Extracting the planetary sodium and lithium signatures amid stellar contamination
• Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS) VIII. Nondetection of sodium in the atmosphere of the aligned planet KELT-10b
• High-spectral resolution M-band observations of CO Rot-Vib absorption lines towards the Galactic center
• Stellar Karaoke: deep blind separation of terrestrial atmospheric effects out of stellar spectra by velocity whitening
• PEPSI Investigation, Retrieval, and Atlas of Numerous Giant Atmospheres (PIRANGA). III. Composition and winds in the atmosphere of TOI-1518 b
• Short- and long-term variations of the high mass accretion rate classical T Tauri star DR Tau
• CN and CO Features: Key Indicators of Red Giant Evolutionary Phase in Moderate-Resolution X-Shooter Spectra
• Discovery of an icy and nitrogen-rich extrasolar planetesimal
• V838 Monocerotis as seen by ALMA: a remnant of a binary merger in a triple system
• No TiO detected in the hot Neptune-desert planet LTT-9779 b in reflected light at high spectral resolution
• Investigating silicate, carbon, and water in the diffuse interstellar medium: the first shots from WISCI
• Effective Emission Heights of Various OH Lines From X-shooter and SABER Observations of a Passing Quasi-2-Day Wave
• Black Hole masses for 14 gravitational lensed quasars
• The GAPS Programme at TNG. LXIX.The Dayside of WASP-76b revealed by GIANO-B, HARPS-N and ESPRESSO: Evidence for Three-Dimensional Atmospheric Effects
• The GAPS programme at TNG -- LXIII. Photo-evaporating puzzle: Exploring the enigmatic nature of TOI-5398 b atmospheric signal
• Discovery of a brown dwarf with quasi-spherical mass-loss
• The mid-infrared spectrum of $\beta$ Pictoris b. First VLTI/MATISSE interferometric observations of an exoplanet
• Near-infrared spectra of the inflated post-common envelope brown dwarf NLTT 5306B
• Structure of the accretion flow of IX Velorum as revealed by high-resolution spectroscopy
• Survey for Distant Solar Twins (SDST) -- II. Design, observations and data
• Systematic Study of the Inner Structure of Molecular Tori in Nearby U/LIRGs using Velocity Decomposition of CO Rovibrational Absorption Lines
• Transmission spectroscopy of WASP-7 b with UVES -- Detection of Na I D${}_2$ and tentative D${}_1$ line absorption
• Do White Dwarfs Sample Water-Rich Planetary Material?
• WINERED high-resolution near-infrared line catalog: A-type star
• The EDIBLES survey VI. Searching for time variations of interstellar absorption features
• Magnetic field strengths of hot giant exoplanets consistent with Solar System values
• PEPSI Investigation, Retrieval, and Atlas of Numerous Giant Atmospheres (PIRANGA). IV. High-Resolution Phased-Resolved Spectroscopy of The Ultra Hot Jupiter KELT-20 b
• VVV-WIT-13: an eruptive young star with cool molecular features
• Obliquity Constraints on the Planetary-mass Companion HD 106906 b
• A redshifted excess in the broad emission lines after the flare of the $\gamma$-ray narrow-line Seyfert 1 PKS 2004-447
• A Comparison of Full Spectral Fitting Codes for Measuring the Stellar Initial Mass Function and Other Stellar Population Properties in Elliptical Galaxies
• A study of the photometric and spectroscopic variations of the prototypical FU Orionis-type star V1057 Cyg
• The physical properties of candidate neutrino-emitter blazars
• Discovery of a transiting hot water-world candidate orbiting Ross 176 with TESS and CARMENES
• Probing the geological setting of exoplanets through atmospheric analysis: using Mars as a test case
• A Search for Planetary Metastable Helium Absorption in the V1298 Tau System
• Classification of 3 accreting binaries with VLT/X-Shooter spectra
• Study of the Inner Structure of the Molecular Torus in IRAS 08572+3915 NW with Velocity Decomposition of CO Rovibrational Absorption Lines
• Potential sublimating exocomets around the young star PDS 70
• Exploring the surface of HD 189733 via Doppler shadow analysis of planetary transits
• I Can Do It With A Broken Planetesimal: Characterising the planetary debris in heavily polluted cool white dwarfs
• Variability of the DG Tau Forbidden Emission Line Low Velocity Component
• Probing the extent of WASP-52 b's atmosphere. High-resolution observations and 3D modeling insights
• HD 44892: The youngest (or oldest?) gas-harbouring debris disc around an intermediate mass star
• Modeling Circumstellar Gas Emission around a White Dwarf Using Cloudy
• CARMENES detection of the CaII infrared triplet and possible evidence of HeI in the atmosphere of WASP-76b
• The Stellar Initial Mass Function and Population Properties of M89 from Optical and NIR Spectroscopy: Addressing Biases in Spectral Index Analysis
• Correcting the Contamination of Second-order Spectra: Improving Hα Measurements in Reverberation Mapping Campaigns
• Investigation of the upper atmosphere in ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76 b with high-resolution spectroscopy