A spectroscopic multiplicity survey of Galactic Wolf-Rayet stars. III. The northern late-type nitrogen-rich sample

Abstract

Massive stars are powerful cosmic engines. In the phases immediately preceding core-collapse, massive stars in the Galaxy with $M_i\gtrsim 20$ $M_{\odot }$ may appear as classical Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars. As the final contribution of a homogeneous RV survey, this work constrains the multiplicity properties of northern Galactic late-type nitrogen-rich Wolf-Rayet (WNL) stars. We compare their intrinsic binary fraction and orbital period distribution to the carbon-rich (WC) and early-type nitrogen-rich (WNE) populations from previous works. We obtained high-resolution spectra of the complete magnitude-limited sample of 11 Galactic WNL stars with the Mercator telescope on the island of La Palma. We used cross-correlation to measure relative RVs and flagged binary candidates based on the peak-to-peak RV dispersion. By using Monte Carlo sampling and a Bayesian framework, we computed the three-dimensional likelihood and one-dimensional posteriors for the upper period cut-off, power-law index, and intrinsic binary fraction. Adopting a threshold $C$ of 50 km s${}^{-1}$, our Bayesian analysis produced an intrinsic fraction of $0.42\begin{array}{c}+0.15\\ -0.17\end{array}$ for the parent WNL population alongside distributions for the power-law index and the orbital periods. The observed period distribution of Galactic WN and WC binaries from the literature is in agreement with what is found. The period distribution of Galactic WN binaries peaks at $P\sim 1$-$10$d and that of the WC population at $P\sim 5000$d. This shift cannot be reconciled by orbital evolution due to mass loss or mass transfer. At long periods, the evolutionary sequence O($\to$LBV)$\to$WN$\to$WC seems feasible. The high frequency of short-period WN binaries compared to WC binaries suggests that they either tend to merge or that the WN components in these binaries rarely evolve into WC stars in the Galaxy.

Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics

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