Evidence for Efimov quantum states in an ultracold gas of cesium atoms

Abstract

Systems of three interacting particles are notorious for their complex physical behavior. A landmark theoretical result in few-body quantum physics is Efimov's prediction of a universal set of bound trimer states appearing for three identical bosons with a resonant two-body interaction. Counterintuitively, these states even exist in the absence of a corresponding two-body bound state. Since the formulation of Efimov's problem in the context of nuclear physics 35 years ago, it has attracted great interest in many areas of physics. However, the observation of Efimov quantum states has remained an elusive goal. Here we report the observation of an Efimov resonance in an ultracold gas of cesium atoms. The resonance occurs in the range of large negative two-body scattering lengths, arising from the coupling of three free atoms to an Efimov trimer. Experimentally, we observe its signature as a giant three-body recombination loss when the strength of the two-body interaction is varied. We also detect a minimum in the recombination loss for positive scattering lengths, indicating destructive interference of decay pathways. Our results confirm central theoretical predictions of Efimov physics and represent a starting point with which to explore the universal properties of resonantly interacting few-body systems. While Feshbach resonances have provided the key to control quantum-mechanical interactions on the two-body level, Efimov resonances connect ultracold matter to the world of few-body quantum phenomena.

18 pages, 3 figures

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• Observation of Dynamical Super Efimovian Expansion in a Unitary Fermi Gas
• Three-Body $J^P=0^{+},1^{+},2^{+}$ $B^{\ast }{B}^{\ast }\bar{K}$ Bound States
• Zero-temperature phase diagram of Yukawa bosons
• Efimov states of three unequal bosons in non-integer dimensions
• Phase diagram of a Bose gas near a wide Feshbach resonance
• Van der Waals universality in homonuclear atom-dimer elastic collisions
• Many Bosons in a Narrow Magnetic Feshbach Resonance
• Dynamics of a degenerate Cs-Yb mixture with attractive interspecies interactions
• Few-body physics of ultracold atoms and molecules with long-range interactions
• Three and four identical fermions near the unitary limit
• Emergent inflation of the Efimov spectrum under three-body spin-exchange interactions
• Jost function description of near threshold resonances for coupled-channel scattering
• Magnetic control of ultra-cold ${}^6$Li and ${}^{174}$Yb(${}^3{P}_2$) atom mixtures with Feshbach resonances
• Efimovian three-body potential from broad to narrow Feshbach resonances
• Observation of Anomalous Decay of a Polarized Three-Component Fermi Gas
• Three-body systems in physics of cold atoms and halo nuclei
• Efimov states in atom-molecular collisions
• Curvature and geodesic instabilities in a geometrical approach to the planar three-body problem
• Renormalization group analysis of resonantly interacting anyons
• Weakly bound Li He${}_2$ molecules
• Collisions of Ultracold Trapped Cesium Feshbach Molecules
• Probing Energy-Dependent Feshbach Resonances by Optical Control
• Stable Heteronuclear Few-Atom Bound States in Mixed Dimensions
• Three-body rf association of Efimov trimers
• Application of lasers to ultracold atoms and molecules
• Fall to the Centre in Atom Traps and Point-Particle EFT for Absorptive Systems
• Impurity in a three-dimensional unitary Bose gas
• Time fractals and discrete scale invariance with trapped ions
• Tetramer Bound States in Heteronuclear Systems
• Rigorous conditions for the existence of bound states at the threshold in the two-particle case
• Efimov Physics in Atom-Dimer Scattering of Lithium-6 Atoms
• Level spacing statistics and spectral correlations in the diffuse van der Waals clusters
• Collapse of a quantum vortex in an attractive two-dimensional Bose gas
• Ultracold collisions of Cs in excited hyperfine and Zeeman states
• The Avalanche Mechanism for Atom Loss near an Atom-Dimer Efimov Resonance
• Few-Body Bound States of Dipole-Dipole Interacting Rydberg Atoms
• D-dimensional three-body bound-state problem with zero range interactions
• Three-body recombination rates near a Feshbach resonance within a two-channel contact interaction model
• Momentum distribution in the unitary Bose gas from first principles
• Exact solution of the three-boson problem at vanishing energy
• A geometrical interpretation of the Thomas theorem and the Efimov States
• Universal three-body bound states in mixed dimensions beyond the Efimov paradigm
• Non-exponential one-body loss in a Bose-Einstein condensate
• Efimov effect of triple-stranded DNA: Real-space renormalization group and Zeros of the partition function
• Dipolar Bose gas with three-body interactions in weak disorder
• Quantum-State Controlled Penning Ionization Reactions between Ultracold Alkali and Metastable Helium Atoms
• Efimov effect in non-integer dimensions induced by an external field
• The influence of a surface in the non-retarded interaction between two atoms
• Ultracold heteronuclear three-body systems: How diabaticity limits the universality of recombination into shallow dimers
• Potential energy surface of the 2A' Li2+Li doublet ground state
• Ultracold atom-dimer long-range interactions beyond the $1/R^n$ expansion
• The breaking of continuous scale invariance to discrete scale invariance: a universal quantum phase transition
• Tuning a magnetic Feshbach resonance with spatially modulated laser light
• Tetramers of two heavy and two light bosons
• Quantum Noise in the Collective Abstraction Reaction A+B ${}_2\to$ AB+B
• A multichannel hyperspherical model for Efimov physics with van der Waals interactions controlled by a Feshbach resonance
• Ultracold scattering processes in three-atomic helium systems
• Efficient three-body calculations with a two-body mapped grid method
• Universality of Efimov states in highly mass-imbalanced cold-atom mixtures with van der Waals and dipole interactions
• Universal behaviour of four-boson systems from a functional renormalisation group
• Four-body legacy of the Efimov effect
• Duality between the quantum inverted harmonic oscillator and inverse square potentials
• Current Status of Nuclear Physics Research
• Classical and quantum analysis of a heterotriatomic molecular Bose-Einstein-condensate model
• Mass Ratio Dependence of Three-Body Resonance Lifetimes in 1D and 3D
• Topological origin of universal few-body clusters in Efimov physics
• Tunable discrete scale invariance in transition-metal pentatelluride flakes
• Trajectory of virtual, bound and resonant Efimov states
• Feshbach Spectroscopy of Cs Atom Pairs in Optical Tweezers
• Triple α Resonances in the Decay of Hot Nuclear Systems *
• Electron spin resonance in a dilute magnon gas as a probe of magnon scattering resonances
• Classification of zero-energy resonances by dissociation of Feshbach molecules
• Universal Bound States of Two Particles in Mixed Dimensions or Near a Mirror
• Atom Loss Resonances in a Bose-Einstein Condensate
• Calibrating the absorption imaging of cold atoms under high magnetic fields
• Interferometry of Efimov states in thermal gases by modulated magnetic fields
• Rigorous derivation of the Efimov effect in a simple model
• Three-body problem in a multiband Hubbard model
• Width and shift of Fano-Feshbach resonances for van der Waals interactions
• Efimov physics in the complex plane
• Approaching universality in weakly-bound three-body systems
• What hath Weinberg wrought? Reflections on what Weinberg's papers on 'Nuclear Forces from Chiral Lagrangians' did and did not accomplish
• BCS-BEC Crossover in Mix-dimensional Fermi Gases
• Three-body bound states of two bosons and one impurity in one dimension
• Some applications of the Faddeev-Yakubovsky equations to the cold-atom physics
• Universal Three-Body Parameter of Heavy-Heavy-Light systems with negative intraspecies scattering length
• Stability and chaotic behavior of Bose-Einstein condensates in optical lattices with two- and three-body interactions
• Bubble-bound state of triple-stranded DNA: Efimov Physics in DNA with repulsion
• Scale-free relaxation of a wave packet in a quantum well with power-law tails
• The universality of the Efimov three-body parameter
• Few Body Reserch - Summary
• Avalanche Mechanism for the Enhanced Loss of Ultracold Atoms
• Dimer-atom-atom recombination in the universal four-boson system
• Time dependence of few-body Förster interactions among ultracold Rydberg atoms
• Zero Energy Bound States and Resonances in Three--Particle Systems
• Combined few-body and mean-field model for nuclei
• Perspectives on few-body cluster structures in exotic nuclei
• Universal geometry of two-neutron halos and Borromean Efimov states close to dissociation
• Global superfluid phase diagram of three component fermions with magnetic ordering
• Correlated Gaussian Approach to Anisotropic Resonantly Interacting Few-Body Systems
• Supersymmetric isospectral formalism for the calculation of near-zero energy states: application to the very weakly bound ${}^4$He trimer excited state
• Three-boson spectrum in the presence of 1D spin-orbit coupling: Efimov's generalized radial scaling law
• Universal Efimov Scaling in the Rabi-Coupled Few-Body Spectrum
• Observation of a Halo Trimer in an Ultracold Bose-Fermi Mixture
• Four-body long-range interactions between ultracold weakly-bound diatomic molecules
• Shedding Light on Three-Body Recombination in an Ultracold Atomic Gas
• Long-lived trimers in a quasi-two-dimensional Fermi system
• Correlation diagrams in collisions of three identical particles
• Temperature dependence of an Efimov resonance in ${}^{39}\mathrm{K}$
• How machine learning conquers the unitary limit
• Fermions meet two bosons -- the heteronuclear Efimov effect revisited
• Quantum many-body scars in the Bose-Hubbard model with a three-body constraint
• The absence of the Efimov effect in systems of one- and two-dimensional particles
• Teaching renormalization, scaling, and universality with an example from quantum mechanics
• Magnetic Feshbach resonances in collisions of non-magnetic closed-shell ${}^1\Sigma$ molecules
• Bound states of three fermions forming symmetry-protected topological phases
• Efimov states with strong three-body losses
• Efimov states in Li-Cs mixtures within a minimal model
• Borromean states in discrete-time quantum walks
• Scaling functions applied to three-body recombination of Cesium-133 atoms
• Sub-Poissonian atom-number distributions by means of Rydberg dressing and electromagnetically induced transparency
• Observation of an Efimov resonance in an ultracold mixture of atoms and weakly bound dimers
• Universal four-boson system: dimer-atom-atom Efimov effect and recombination reactions
• Spectral flow of trimer states of two heavy impurities and one light condensed boson
• Causality, universality, and effective field theory for van der Waals interactions
• Magnetic Manifestation of Discrete Scaling Symmetry in Dirac Semimetals
• Weakly bound LiHe${}_2$ molecules in the framework of three-dimensional Faddeev equations
• Exactly solvable models for multiatomic molecular Bose-Einstein condensates
• Molecular Hydrogen: a benchmark system for Near Threshold Resonances at higher partial waves
• Stability of $(N+1)$-body fermion clusters in multiband Hubbard model
• Contact parameters in two dimensions for general three-body systems
• Long-range additive and nonadditive potentials in a hybrid system: Ground state atom, excited state atom, and ion
• Neutron-${}^{19}\mathrm{C}$ scattering: Towards including realistic interactions
• Discrete scale invariance of the quasi-bound states at atomic vacancies in a topological material
• Supersonic optical tunnels for Bose-Einstein condensates
• Single particle momentum distributions for three-bosons in two and three dimensions and dimensional crossover
• On the virtual level of two-body interactions and applications to three-body systems in higher dimensions
• Triple-X and beyond: hadronic systems of three and more X(3872)
• Emergent four-body parameter in universal two-species bosonic systems
• Asymmetric lineshapes of Efimov resonances in mass-imbalanced ultracold gases
• Three-body renormalization group limit cycles based on unsupervised feature learning
• Three-body recombination in a single-component Fermi gas with $p$-wave interaction
• Feshbach resonances in an ultracold ${}^7$Li-${}^{133}$Cs Bose-Bose mixture
• Characterizing ultra-narrow momentum of atoms by standing-wave light-pulse sequences
• Engineering long-range molecular potentials by external drive
• Structural and quantum properties of van der Waals cluster near the unitary regime
• Universal low-energy behavior in three-body systems
• General features and contact modeling of $N$-body isolated resonances near threshold
• Universal bound states and resonances with Coulomb plus short-range potentials
• An experimental platform for studying the heteronuclear Efimov effect with an ultracold mixture of ${}^6$Li and ${}^{133}$Cs atoms
• Photo Reactions with Universal Trimers
• Scattering resonances and pairing in a Rabi-coupled Fermi gas
• Quantum Monte Carlo studies of a trimer scaling function with microscopic two- and three-body interactions
• Dimensional effects in Efimov physics
• Dipolar Bose gas with three-body interactions at finite temperature
• Ultracold and dense samples of ground-state molecules in lattice potentials
• Coherent bimolecular reactions with quantum-degenerate matter waves
• Quantum Behaviors on an Excreting Black Hole
• Efimovian states of three charged particles
• Macroscopic Particle Transport in Dissipative Long-Range Bosonic Systems
• Efimov effect for two particles on a semi-infinite line
• Energetics of three interacting mass-imbalanced bodies in a three-dimensional spherical harmonic trap
• Effects of Efimov states on quench dynamics in a three-boson trapped system
• A Quantum Model of Feshbach Resonances
• Atom-Molecule Superradiance and Entanglement with Cavity-Mediated Three-Body Interactions
• Efimov Effect in Long-range Quantum Spin Chains
• Energetics and structural properties of two- and three-boson systems in the presence of 1D spin-orbit coupling
• Orbital Variational Adiabatic Hyperspherical Method Applied to Bose-Einstein Condensates
• The Efimov effect for heteronuclear three-body systems at positive scattering length and finite temperature
• Interacting bosons in a nearly-resonant potential well
• Observability of the Efimov spectrum in an electron-atom-atom system
• Universal Angular Probability Distribution of Three Particles near Zero Energy Threshold
• Efimov Trimers near the Zero-crossing of a Feshbach Resonance
• Ultra-cold Collisions between Spin-Orbit-Coupled Dipoles: General Formalism and Universality
• Universality in Few-Body Systems
• Universality and tails of long range interactions in one dimension
• Exactly solvable models for triatomic-molecular Bose-Einstein Condensates
• Global and local condensate and superfluid fraction of a few hard core bosons in a cubic optical lattice plus external harmonic confinement
• Continuous atom laser with Bose-Einstein condensates involving three-body interactions
• Effective field theory analysis of boson-trimer bond lengths to next-to-leading order
• Repeated output coupling of ultracold Feshbach molecules from a Cs BEC
• Inclusive Breakup Theory of Three-Body Halos
• Charged three-body system with arbitrary masses near conformal invariance
• Discrete Breather and Soliton-Mode Collective Excitations in Bose-Einstein Condensates in a Deep Optical Lattice with Tunable Three-body Interactions
• Fall-to-the-centre as a $\mathcal{P}\mathcal{T}$ symmetry breaking transition
• Window for Efimov physics for few-body systems with finite-range interactions
• Asymmetric many-body loss in a bosonic double well
• A semiclassical analysis of the Efimov energy spectrum in the unitary limit
• Universal Efimov spectra and fermionic doublets in highly mass-imbalanced cold-atom mixtures with van der Waals and dipole interactions
• Instabilities and chaos in the classical three-body and three-rotor problems
• Two-mode Phonon Squeezing in Bose-Einstein Condensates for Gravitational Wave Detection
• Emergence of N-body tunable interactions in universal few-atom system
• The role of the effective range in strongly-interacting few-body systems
• Quantum N-Boson States and Quantized Motion of Solitonic Droplets: Universal Scaling Properties in Low Dimensions
• Liquid-solid transitions in the three-body hard-core model
• Observation of modulation-induced Feshbach resonance
• Van der Waals five-body size-energy universality
• Coherent excitation of three-atom entangled states near a two-body Förster resonance
• Manifestation of Universality in the Asymmetric Helium Trimer and in the Halo Nucleus ${}^{22}$C
• Efimov physics beyond three particles
• Quantum halo states in two-dimensional dipolar clusters
• Few-Body Effects in Cold Atoms and Limit Cycles
• Few-body techniques using momentum space for bound and continuum states
• Clusters in Separated Tubes of Tilted Dipoles
• Exotic Quantum States for Charmed Baryons at Finite Temperature
• Suppression and enhancement of bosonic stimulation by atomic interactions
• Shallow Trimers of Two Identical Fermions and One Particle in Resonant Regimes
• Bound-like State in a 1D Self-Similar Delta-Barrier Array
• The fractal geometry and the mapping of Efimov states to Bloch states
• Mechanisms of anomalous three-body loss in a population-imbalanced three-component Fermi gas
• Three-body recombination near the d-wave resonance in ultracold ${}^{85}$Rb\,-${}^{87}$Rb mixtures
• Equivalence of dissipative and dissipationless dynamics of interacting quantum systems with its application to the unitary Fermi gas
• Universality and the Coulomb interaction
• Quantum Degenerate Mixtures of Cs and Yb
• Quantum Monte Carlo study of few- and many-body Bose systems in one and two dimensions
• Decay properties of zero-energy resonances of multi-particle Schrödinger operators and why the Efimov effect does not exist for systems of $N\ge 4$ particles
• Lellouch-Lüscher relation for ultracold few-atom systems under confinement
• From three-body resonances to bound states in a continuum: pole trajectories
• Density effects on the interferometry of Efimov states by modulating magnetic fields
• Molecular regimes in ultracold Fermi gases
• Semisuper Efimov effect induced by resonant pair exchange in mixed dimensions
• Universal spectrum of isolated three-body resonances
• Accurate simulation of Efimov physics in ultracold atomic gases with realistic three-body multichannel interactions
• Structures associated with the Borromean rings complement in the Poincaré ball
• Three-body Physics in the Impurity Limit of 39K Bose-Einstein Condensates
• Observable Resonances in Efimov-unfavored Systems
• Reliability of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation in noninteger dimensions
• Efimov-DNA Phase diagram: three stranded DNA on a cubic lattice
• Stabilization of three-body resonances to bound states in a continuum