Observation of scale invariance in two-dimensional matter-wave Townes solitons

Abstract

We report near-deterministic generation of two-dimensional (2D) matter-wave Townes solitons, and a precision test on scale invariance in attractive 2D Boses gases. We induce a shape-controlled modulational instability in an elongated 2D matter-wave to create an array of isolated solitary waves of various sizes and peak densities. We confirm scale invariance by observing the collapse of solitary-wave density profiles onto a single curve in a dimensionless coordinate rescaled according to their peak densities, and observe that the scale-invariant profiles measured at different coupling constants $g$ can further collapse onto the universal profile of Townes solitons. The reported scaling behavior is tested with a nearly 60-fold difference in soliton interaction energies, and allows us to discuss the impact of a non-negligible magnetic dipole-dipole interaction (MDDI) on 2D scale invariance. We confirm that the effect of MDDI in our alkali cesium quasi-2D samples effectively conforms to the same scaling law governed by a contact interaction to well within our experiment uncertainty.

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• Strongly interacting photons in 2D waveguide QED
• Gas-to-soliton transition of attractive bosons on a spherical surface
• Collapse of a quantum vortex in an attractive two-dimensional Bose gas
• Quantum-Fluctuation-Driven Dynamics of Droplet Splashing, Recoiling and Deposition in Ultracold Binary Bose Gases
• Nonlinear stage of modulational instability in repulsive two-component Bose-Einstein condensates
• Localization and splitting of a quantum droplet with a potential defect
• The cross-over from Townes solitons to droplets in a 2D Bose mixture
• Static and dynamic properties of self-bound droplets of light in hot vapours
• Exploring phonon-like interactions in one-dimensional Bose-Fermi mixtures
• Dimer problem on a spherical surface
• Solitons in arbitrary dimensions stabilized by photon-mediated interactions
• Heavy-light $N+1$ clusters of two-dimensional fermions
• Beyond-mean-field analysis of the Townes soliton and its breathing mode