Spin pumping and magnetization dynamics in metallic multilayers

Abstract

We study the magnetization dynamics in thin ferromagnetic films and small ferromagnetic particles in contact with paramagnetic conductors. A moving magnetization vector causes \textquotedblleft pumping\textquotedblright of spins into adjacent nonmagnetic layers. This spin transfer affects the magnetization dynamics similar to the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert phenomenology. The additional Gilbert damping is significant for small ferromagnets, when the nonmagnetic layers efficiently relax the injected spins, but the effect is reduced when a spin accumulation build-up in the normal metal opposes the spin pumping. The damping enhancement is governed by (and, in turn, can be used to measure) the mixing conductance or spin-torque parameter of the ferromagnet--normal-metal interface. Our theoretical findings are confirmed by agreement with recent experiments in a variety of multilayer systems.

10 pages, 6 figures

Cited by in corpus (282)

• Spin Transfer Torques
• Current-induced spin-orbit torques in ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic systems
• Spin Transfer Torque Generated by the Topological Insulator Bi_2Se_3
• Nonlocal magnetization dynamics in ferromagnetic heterostructures
• Theory of Current-Driven Domain Wall Motion: A Poorman's Approach
• Quantifying spin Hall angles from spin pumping: Experiments and Theory
• Roadmap of spin-orbit torques
• Role of transparency of platinum-ferromagnet interface in determining intrinsic magnitude of spin Hall effect
• Detection and quantification of inverse spin Hall effect from spin pumping in permalloy/normal metal bilayers
• Dependence of the Efficiency of Spin Hall Torque on the Transparency of Pt-Ferromagnetic Layer Interfaces
• Dynamic exchange coupling in magnetic bilayers
• Antiferromagnonic Spin Transport from Y${}_3$Fe${}_5$O${}_{12}$ into NiO
• Subterahertz spin pumping from an insulating antiferromagnet
• Photoferroelectric oxides
• Experimental Realization of a Quantum Spin Pump
• Spin pumping with coherent elastic waves
• Scaling behavior of the spin pumping effect in ferromagnet/platinum bilayers
• First-principles study of magnetization relaxation enhancement and spin-transfer in thin magnetic films
• Spin-orbit torques in Co/Pt(111) and Mn/W(001) magnetic bilayers from first principles
• Comparison of spin-orbit torques and spin pumping across NiFe/Pt and NiFe/Cu/Pt interfaces
• Exchange Magnon-Polaritons in Microwave Cavities
• Interface enhancement of Gilbert damping from first-principles
• Magnon, phonon and electron temperature profiles and the spin Seebeck effect in magnetic insulator/normal metal hybrid structures
• Spin Hall Angle Quantification from Spin Pumping and Microwave Photoresistance
• Spin mixing conductance at a well-controlled platinum/yttrium iron garnet interface
• Inverse Spin Hall Effect in NiFe / Normal Metal Bilayers
• Direct detection of magnon spin transport by the inverse spin Hall effect
• Electrical manipulation of a ferromagnet by an antiferromagnet
• A unified first-principles study of Gilbert damping, spin-flip diffusion and resistivity in transition metal alloys
• Spin caloritronic nano-oscillator
• Micromagnetics and spintronics: Models and numerical methods
• Parallel pumping for magnon spintronics: Amplification and manipulation of magnon spin currents on the micron-scale
• Exchange magnetic field torques in YIG/Pt bilayers observed by the spin-Hall magnetoresistance
• Experimental Demonstration of the Co-existence of the Spin Hall and Rashba Effects in beta-Tantalum/Ferromagnet Bilayers
• Spin transport parameters in metallic multilayers determined by ferromagnetic resonance measurements of spin pumping
• Strong Spin Hall Effect in the Antiferromagnet PtMn
• Current-induced transverse spin wave instability in a thin nanomagnet
• Temperature dependent spin transport properties of Platinum inferred from spin Hall magnetoresistance measurements
• Spin Orbit Coupling and Spin Waves in Ultrathin Ferromagnets: The Spin Wave Rashba Effect
• Dynamic stiffness of spin valves
• Anomalous Hall effect in YIG$|$Pt bilayers
• Measurement of spin pumping voltage separated from extrinsic microwave effects
• Ferromagnetic resonance study of sputtered Co|Ni multilayers
• Probing the Spin Pumping Mechanism: Exchange Coupling with Exponential Decay in Y3Fe5O12/barrier/Pt Heterostructures
• Ferroic collinear multilayer magnon spin valve
• Enhancement of Pure Spin Currents in Spin Pumping Y3Fe5O12/Cu/metal Trilayers through Spin Conductance Matching
• Spin transport in a magnetic insulator with zero effective damping
• Perspective: non-Hermitian physics in magnetic systems
• Room temperature antiferromagnetic resonance and inverse spin-Hall voltage in canted antiferromagnets
• Measurement of the intrinsic damping constant in individual nanodisks of YIG and YIG{\textbar}Pt
• Mean-field magnetization relaxation in conducting ferromagnets
• Controlled normal and inverse magnetoresistance and current-driven magnetization switching in magnetic nanopillars
• Floquet scattering theory for current and heat noise in large amplitude adiabatic pumps
• Inverse Edelstein effect induced by magnon - phonon coupling
• Direct Method for Calculating Temperature-Dependent Transport Properties
• Frequency-Dependent Current Noise through Quantum-Dot Spin Valves
• Review and Analysis of Measurements of the Spin Hall Effect in Platinum
• Exceptionally high, strongly temperature dependent, spin Hall conductivity of SrRuO3
• Quantum spin pumping with adiabatically modulated magnetic barrier's
• Magnetization and phase transition induced by circularly polarized laser in quantum magnets
• Strong enhancement of the spin Hall effect by spin fluctuations near the Curie point of FexPt1-x alloys
• Transverse and Longitudinal Spin-Torque Ferromagnetic Resonance for Improved Measurements of Spin-Orbit Torques
• Calculating the transport properties of magnetic materials from first-principles including thermal and alloy disorder, non-collinearity and spin-orbit coupling
• Current Induced Order Parameter Dynamics: Microscopic Theory Applied to Co/Cu/Co spin valves
• Sign of inverse spin Hall voltages generated by ferromagnetic resonance and temperature gradients in yttrium iron garnet|platinum bilayers
• Dirac-Surface-State-Dominated Spin to Charge Current Conversion in the Topological Insulator $(B{i}_{0.22}S{b}_{0.78}{)}_{2}T{e}_3$ Films at Room Temperature
• Backscattering immunity of dipole-exchange magnetostatic surface spin waves
• Spin Hall phenomenology of magnetic dynamics
• Scattering Theory of Charge-Current Induced Magnetization Dynamics
• Spin current generation from sputtered Y3Fe5O12 films
• Spin-Scattering Rates in Metallic Thin Films Measured by Ferromagnetic Resonance Damping Enhanced by Spin-Pumping
• Spin Seebeck Effect: Sensitive Probe for Elementary Excitation, Spin Correlation, Transport, Magnetic Order, and Domains in Solids
• Giant nonreciprocal emission of spin waves in Ta/Py bilayers
• Pure spin currents in magnetically ordered insulator/normal metal heterostructures
• Acoustic ferromagnetic resonance and spin pumping induced by surface acoustic waves
• Unambiguous separation of the inverse spin Hall and anomalous Nernst Effects within a ferromagnetic metal using the spin Seebeck effect
• Laser induced THz emission from femtosecond photocurrents in Co/ZnO/Pt and Co/Cu/Pt multilayers
• Temporal behavior of the inverse spin Hall voltage in a magnetic insulator-nonmagnetic metal structure
• Magnetization damping in polycrystalline Co ultra-thin films: Evidence for non-local effects
• Effects of non-adiabaticity on the voltage generated by a moving domain wall
• Spin transport and dynamics in all-oxide perovskite La${}_{2/3}$Sr${}_{1/3}$MnO${}_3$/SrRuO${}_3$ bilayers probed by ferromagnetic resonance
• Large spin-to-charge conversion at room temperature in extended epitaxial Sb2Te3 topological insulator chemically grown on Silicon
• Magnetization switching induced by spin-orbit torque from Co2MnGa magnetic Weyl semimetal thin films
• Dephasing of Transverse Spin Current in Ferrimagnetic Alloys
• Observation of spin Seebeck contribution to the transverse thermopower in Ni-Pt and MnBi-Au bulk nanocomposites
• Spin Hall magnetoresistance in antiferromagnetic insulators
• Unifying ultrafast demagnetization and intrinsic Gilbert damping in Co/Ni bilayers with electronic relaxation near the Fermi surface
• Mode-Dependent Damping in Metallic Antiferromagnets Due to Inter-Sublattice Spin Pumping
• Temperature Dependence of Angular Momentum Transport Across Interfaces
• Time resolved spin Seebeck effect experiments
• Spin Pumping in Ion-beam Sputtered Co_{2}FeAl/Mo Bilayers:Interfacial Gilbert Damping
• Charge and spin pumping through a double quantum dot
• Highly efficient spin-to-charge current conversion at room temperature in strained HgTe surface states
• Enhancement of the Gilbert damping constant due to spin pumping in noncollinear ferromagnet/nonmagnet/ferromagnet trilayer systems
• Direct Observation of Unusual Interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction in Graphene/NiFe/Ta Heterostructure
• Non-monotonic angular magnetoresistance in asymmetric spin valves
• Eddy current interactions in a Ferromagnet-Normal metal bilayer structure, and its impact on ferromagnetic resonance lineshapes
• Magnetization dynamics in synthetic antiferromagnets: Role of dynamical energy and mutual spin pumping
• Optimizing the spin-pumping induced inverse spin Hall voltage by crystal growth in Fe/Pt bilayers
• Selectively controlled ferromagnets by electric fields in van der Waals ferromagnetic heterojunctions
• Influence of heavy metal materials on magnetic properties of Pt/Co/heavy metal tri-layered structures
• Material developments and domain wall based nanosecond-scale switching process in perpendicularly magnetized STT-MRAM cells
• Proximity effect-assisted absorption of spin currents in superconductors
• Spin pumping in an altermagnet/normal metal bilayer
• Uniaxial anisotropy, intrinsic and extrinsic damping in Co${}_2$FeSi Heusler alloy thin films
• Spin-orbit torque and spin pumping in YIG/Pt with interfacial insertion layers
• Tuning odd triplet superconductivity by spin pumping
• Tuning Spin Current Injection at Ferromagnet/Non-Magnet Interfaces by Molecular Design
• Temperature-dependent spin-transport and current-induced torques in superconductor/ferromagnet heterostructures
• Enhancement of ultrafast demagnetization rate and Gilbert damping driven by femtosecond laser-induced spin currents in Fe81Ga19/Ir20Mn80 bilayers
• Laser Controlled Spin Dynamics of Ferromagnetic Thin Film from Femtosecond to Nanosecond Timescale
• Note: Derivative divide, a method for the analysis of broadband ferromagnetic resonance in the frequency domain
• Estimating spin diffusion length and spin Hall angle from spin pumping-induced inverse spin Hall voltages
• Critical current of spin transfer torque-driven magnetization dynamics in magnetic multilayers
• Tunnel-barrier-enhanced dc voltage signals induced by magnetization dynamics in magnetic tunnel junctions
• Antiferromagnetic textures and dynamics on the surface of a heavy metal
• Magnetization dynamics and spin pumping induced by standing elastic waves
• Effect of anisotropic spin absorption on the Hanle effect in lateral spin valves
• Microwave-induced spin currents in ferromagnetic-insulator|normal-metal bilayer system
• Dynamic exchange coupling and Gilbert damping in magnetic multilayers
• Magnetic properties and field-driven dynamics of chiral domain walls in epitaxial Pt/Co/Au${}_x$Pt${}_{1-x}$ trilayers
• Spincaloritronic measurements: a round robin comparison of the longitudinal spin Seebeck effect
• Absence of significant spin current generation in Ti/FeCoB bilayers with strong interfacial spin-orbit coupling
• Quantifying Spin-Orbit Torques in Antiferromagnet/Heavy Metal Heterostructures
• Enhanced spin-orbit coupling in a heavy metal via molecular coupling
• Influence of structure and cation distribution on magnetic anisotropy and damping in Zn/Al doped nickel ferrites
• Gilbert damping and spin Coulomb drag in a magnetized electron liquid with spin-orbit interaction
• Spin Hall noise
• Spin absorption at ferromagnetic-metal/platinum-oxide interface
• Non-Reciprocal Spin Pumping in Asymmetric Magnetic Trilayers
• Dynamic Feedback in Ferromagnet/Spin Hall Metal Heterostructures
• Enhancement of acoustic spin pumping by acoustic distributed Bragg reflector cavity
• Unified theory of magnetization dynamics with relativistic and nonrelativistic spin torques
• Spin pumping at terahertz nutation resonances
• Graphene-based spin-pumping transistor
• Nonlinear analysis of magnetization dynamics excited by spin Hall effect
• Applications of Nanomagnets as Dynamical Systems
• Anomalous Spin and Orbital Hall Phenomena in Antiferromagnetic Systems
• Influence of nonlocal damping on the field-driven domain wall motion
• All-electrical Magnon Transport Experiments in Magnetically Ordered Insulators
• Carbon nanotube: a low-loss spin-current waveguide
• Spin pumping between noncollinear ferromagnetic insulators through thin superconductors
• Thermoelectric detection of ferromagnetic resonance of a nanoscale ferromagnet
• Nonlocal pure spin current injection via quantum pumping and crossed Andreev reflection
• Exploiting the close-to-Dirac point shift of Fermi level in Sb2Te3/Bi2Te3 topological insulator heterostructure for spin-charge conversion
• Charge-Spin Interconversion in Epitaxial Pt Probed by Spin-Orbit Torques in a Magnetic Insulator
• Magnetoelectronic Spin Echo
• Theory of spin-Hall magnetoresistance in the AC (terahertz) regime
• Magnetization Dynamics in Synthetic Antiferromagnets with Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy
• Optically driven spin pumping mediating collective magnetization dynamics in a spin valve structure
• Transverse Spin current at the normal/p-wave magnet junctions
• Calculating the spin memory loss at Cu$|$metal interfaces from first principles
• Dissipation due to pure spin-current generated by spin pumping
• Theory of spin pumping through an interacting quantum dot tunnel coupled to a ferromagnet with time-dependent magnetization
• Spin transport at finite temperatures: A first-principles study for ferromagnetic$|$nonmagnetic interfaces
• Spin-signal propagation in time-dependent noncollinear spin transport
• Spin-charge transport driven by magnetization dynamics on disordered surface of doped topological insulators
• Low-damping transmission of spin waves through YIG/Pt-based layered structures for spin-orbit-torque applications
• Spin-orbit-torque and magnetic damping in tailored ferromagnetic bilayers
• Independence of the inverse spin Hall effect with the magnetic phase in thin NiCu films
• Quantized charge-pumping in higher-order topological insulators
• Spin injection into silicon detected by broadband ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy
• Spin Transport and Spin Pump in Graphene-like Materials: Effect of tilt in Dirac cones
• Anomalous excitations of atomically crafted quantum magnets
• Spin superfluidity in noncollinear antiferromagnets
• Generation of Spin Current from Lattice Distortion Dynamics: Spin-Orbit Routes
• Antiferromagnetic nano-oscillator in external magnetic fields
• Spin decoherence independent of antiferromagnetic order in IrMn
• Spin pumping and magnetization dynamics in ferromagnet-Luttinger liquid junctions
• Enhanced Inverse Spin-Hall Effect in Ultrathin Ferromagnetic/Normal Metal Bilayers
• Absence of evidence of spin transport through amorphous Y${}_3$Fe${}_5$O${}_{12}$
• Engineering of spin mixing conductance in Ru/FeCo/Ru interfaces: Effect of Re Doping
• Spin to charge conversion in MoS${}_2$ monolayer with spin pumping
• Another view on Gilbert damping in two-dimensional ferromagnets
• Absence of cross-sublattice spin pumping and spin-transfer torques in collinear antiferromagnets
• Hybrid magnon-phonon cavity for large-amplitude terahertz spin-wave excitation
• Spin Pumping into Anisotropic Dirac Electrons
• Energy-efficient spin injector into semiconductors driven by elastic waves
• Rashba semiconductor as spin Hall material: Experimental demonstration of spin pumping in wurtzite $n$-GaN:Si
• Spin pumping into two-dimensional electron systems
• Spintronics and Magnon Bose-Einstein Condensation
• Negligible thermal contributions to the spin pumping signal in ferromagnetic metal-Platinum bilayers
• Damping enhancement in coherent ferrite/insulating-paramagnet bilayers
• Coherent energy transport in classical nonlinear oscillators: an analogy with the Josephson effect
• Wideband and on-chip excitation for dynamical spin injection into graphene
• Efficient spin-to-charge interconversion in Weyl semimetal TaP at room temperature
• Separation of Artifacts from Spin-Torque Ferromagnetic Resonance Measurements of Spin-Orbit Torque for the Low-Symmetry van der Waals Semi-Metal ZrTe${}_{\text{3}}$
• Magnonic thermal transport using the quantum Boltzmann equation
• Current-driven excitations in magnetic multilayers: a brief review
• Pseudo Electric Field and Pumping Valley Current in Graphene Nano-bubbles
• Enhancement of YIG$|$Pt spin conductance by local Joule annealing
• Giant and anisotropic enhancement of spin-charge conversion in double Rashba interface graphene-based quantum system
• Theoretical analysis of FMR-driven spin pumping current and its properties via Self-Consistent Harmonic Approximation
• Spin circuit representation of spin pumping
• Effects of screened Coulomb interaction on spin transfer torque
• Magnon Thermal Edelstein Effect Detected by Inverse Spin Hall Effect
• Study of the spin-pump-induced inverse spin-Hall effect in Bi doped n-type Si
• Enhancement of spin mixing conductance in La${}_{0.7}$Sr${}_{0.3}$MnO${}_3$/LaNiO${}_3$/SrRuO${}_3$ heterostructures
• Non-linear spin torque, pumping and cooling in superconductor/ferromagnet systems
• Phase dynamics of oscillating magnetizations coupled via spin pumping
• Giant spin-charge conversion in ultrathin films of the MnPtSb half-Heusler compound
• Theory of atomistic simulation of spin-transfer torque in nanomagnets
• Domain-wall-controlled transverse spin injection
• Nanoscale Spin Injector Driven by a Microwave Voltage
• Green's function representation of spin pumping effect
• Bulk-boundary-transport correspondence of the second-order topological insulators
• Ultrafast dynamics of electrons excited by femtosecond laser pulses: spin polarization and spin-polarized currents
• Magnonics in collinear magnetic insulating systems
• Spin current pumped by resonant skyrmion
• Spin-current driven spontaneous coupling of ferromagnets
• Effect of the interface resistance in non-local Hanle measurements
• Spin backflow: a non-Markovian effect on spin pumping
• Sub-Nanosecond Spin-Transfer Torque in an Ensemble of Superparamagnetic-Like Nanomagnets
• Voltage-driven exchange resonance achieving 100\% mechanical efficiency
• Impact of inherent energy barrier on spin-orbit torques in magnetic-metal/semimetal heterojunctions
• Unraveling the Spin-to-Charge Current Conversion Mechanism and Charge Transfer Dynamics at Interface of Graphene/WS${}_2$ Heterostructures at Room Temperature
• Effect of interfacial spin mixing conductance on gyromagnetic ratio of Gd substituted Y${}_3$Fe${}_5$O${}_{12}$
• Spin relaxation in multilayers with synthetic ferrimagnets
• Spin current injection at magnetic insulator/superconductor interfaces
• Spin diffusion length associated to out-of-plane resistivity of Pt thin films in spin pumping experiments
• Antiferromagnetic spin pumping via hyperfine interaction
• Determining key spin-orbitronic parameters by means of propagating spin waves
• Angular momentum transfer torques in spin valves with perpendicular magnetization
• General Form of Magnetization Damping: Magnetization dynamics of a spin system evolving nonadiabatically and out of equilibrium
• Surface-state mediated spin-to-charge conversion in Sb films via bilateral spin current injection
• Electrical detectability of magnon-mediated spin current shot noise
• Noncollinear antiferromagnetic textures driven high harmonic generation from magnetic dynamics in the absence of spin-orbit coupling
• Tensor damping in metallic magnetic multilayers
• Mechanism for the Broadened Linewidth in Antiferromagnetic Resonance
• Exchange-driven spin relaxation in ferromagnet/oxide/semiconductor heterostructures
• Nonadiabaticity in spin pumping under relaxation
• A short-circuited coplanar waveguide for low-temperature single-port ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy set-up to probe the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic thin films
• Enhancement of spin mixing conductance by $s$-$d$ orbital hybridization in heavy metals
• Micromagnetic Simulation and Optimization of Spin-Wave Transducers
• Graphene as a non-magnetic spin-current lens
• Microscopic Analysis of Lattice Distortion Effects in Rashba Systems
• Coupling the Higgs mode and ferromagnetic resonance in spin-split superconductors with Rashba spin-orbit coupling
• Spin accumulation in the spin Nernst effect
• Spin Pumping, Dissipation, and Direct and Alternating Inverse Spin Hall Effects in Magnetic Insulator-Normal Metal Bilayers
• Probing orbital currents through inverse orbital Hall and Rashba effects
• Spin-circuit representation of spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance
• Phenomenological spin transport theory driven by anomalous Nernst effect
• Intrinsic Spin Decay Length in Antiferromagnetic Insulator
• Enhancement of thermal spin pumping by orbital angular momentum of rare earth iron garnet
• Charge pumping due to triplet vector chirality in ferromagnet/triplet superconductor junctions
• Quasiperiodic magnetic chain as a spin filter for arbitrary spin states
• Spin pumping into a spin glass material
• Suppression of Spin Pumping at Metal Interfaces
• Spin-accumulation induced magnetic texture in a metal-insulator bilayer
• Temperature dependent spin dynamics in La${}_{0.67}$Sr${}_{0.33}$MnO${}_3$/Pt bilayers
• Junctions of Spin-Incoherent Luttinger Liquids with Ferromagnets and Superconductors
• Anomalous Feedback and Negative Domain Wall Resistance
• Thermalization of hot electrons via interfacial electron-magnon interaction
• Spin coherence on the ferromagnetic spherical surface
• Spin rectification induced by dynamical Hanle effect
• Dynamics of Pure Spin Current in High-frequency Quantum Regime
• Dependence of critical current of spin transfer torque-driven magnetization dynamics on free layer thickness
• Breaking conservation law enables steady-state entanglement out of equilibrium
• Vertical Spin Transport in Al with Pd/Al/Ni80Fe20 Trilayer Films at Room Temperature by Spin Pumping
• Proposal of an experimental scheme for determination of penetration depth of transverse spin current by a nonlocal spin valve
• Spin current generation driven by skyrmion dynamics under magnetic anisotropy and polarized microwaves
• Anisotropy-Driven Anomalous Inverse Orbital Hall Effect in Fe Films
• Spin pumping and inverse spin Hall effect in CoFeB/C${}_{60}$ bilayers
• Theory of nonlinear magnetoelectric transport effects in normal-metal $-$ magnetic-insulator heterostructures
• Spin-orbit torque on nuclear spins exerted by a spin accumulation via hyperfine interactions
• Spin transport through a nanojunction with a precessing anisotropic molecular spin: Quantum interference and spin-transfer torque
• Spin-to-charge conversion in orthorhombic RhSi topological semimetal crystalline thin films
• Spin transport and dynamic properties of two-dimensional spin-momentum locked states
• Magnon-mediated electric current drag and nonlocal spin-Peltier effect in the ac regime
• Charge and Spin Transport in Magnetic Tunnel Junctions: Microscopic Theory
• Control of site occupancy by variation of the Zn and Al content in NiZnAl ferrite epitaxial films with low magnetic damping
• Spin transport in a normal meta-altermagnetic superconducting nanowire junction
• Spin Hall Magnetoresistance in Metallic Bilayers with In-plane Magnetized Ferromagnets
• Growth optimization of TaN for superconducting spintronics
• Disambiguating electrical detection of magnetization dynamics in magnetic insulators
• Observation of Spin Current Hermiticity
• Nanophotonic structures with optical surface modes for tunable spin current generation
• Efficient spin-pumping and spin transport across epitaxial Mn${}_3$Sn(0001) noncollinear antiferromagnet/permalloy interfaces
• AC/DC spin current in ferromagnet/superconductor/normal metal trilayer systems
• Theory of Tunneling between Two-Dimensional Electron Layers Driven by Spin Pumping: Adiabatic Regime and Beyond
• Magnetically Ordered Insulators for Advanced Spintronics
• Ginzburg-Landau theory of spin pumping through an antiferromagnetic layer near the Néel temperature