Spitzer Survey of the Large Magellanic Cloud, Surveying the Agents of a Galaxy's Evolution (SAGE) I: Overview and Initial Results

Abstract

We are performing a uniform and unbiased, ~7x7 degrees imaging survey of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), using the IRAC and MIPS instruments on board the Spitzer Space Telescope in order to survey the agents of a galaxy's evolution (SAGE), the interstellar medium (ISM) and stars in the LMC. The detection of diffuse ISM with column densities >1.2x10^21 H cm^-2 permits detailed studies of dust processes in the ISM. SAGE's point source sensitivity enables a complete census of newly formed stars with masses >3 solar masses that will determine the current star formation rate in the LMC. SAGE's detection of evolved stars with mass loss rates >1x10^-8 solar masses per year will quantify the rate at which evolved stars inject mass into the ISM of the LMC. The observing strategy includes two epochs in 2005, separated by three months, that both mitigate instrumental artifacts and constrain source variability. The SAGE data are non-proprietary. The data processing includes IRAC and MIPS pipelines and a database for mining the point source catalogs, which will be released to the community in support of Spitzer proposal cycles 4 and 5. We present initial results on the epoch 1 data with a special focus on the N79 and N83 region. The SAGE epoch 1 point source catalog has ~4 million sources. The point source counts are highest for the IRAC 3.6 microns band and decrease dramatically towards longer wavelengths consistent with the fact that stars dominate the point source catalogs and that the dusty objects, e.g. young stellar objects and dusty evolved stars that detected at the longer wavelengths, are rare in comparison. We outline a strategy for identifying foreground MW stars, that may comprise as much as 18% of the source list, and background galaxies, that may comprise ~12% of the source list.

Accepted by the Astronomical Journal

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• Characterizing the Population of Bright Infrared Sources in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• AKARI Near- to Mid-Infrared Imaging and Spectroscopic Observations of the Small Magellanic Cloud. I. Bright Point Source List
• A view of Large Magellanic Cloud HII regions N159, N132, and N166 through the 345 GHz window
• Revealing Efficient Dust-Formation at Low Metallicity in Extragalactic Carbon-Rich Wolf-Rayet Binaries
• A multiwavelength analysis of planetary nebulae in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Mid-infrared Period-Luminosity Relations of RR Lyrae Stars Derived from the WISE Preliminary Data Release
• The Spitzer discovery of a galaxy with infrared emission solely due to AGN activity
• Yellow Supergiants and Post-Red Supergiant Evolution in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Multi-frequency study of supernova remnants in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Confirmation of the supernova remnant status of DEM L205
• Spatial Power Spectra of Dust across the Local Group: No Constraint on Disc Scale Height
• Spitzer IRS Spectra of Luminous 8 micron Sources in the Large Magellanic Cloud: Testing color-based classifications
• ASTE observations in the 345 GHz window towards the HII region N113 of the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Gaps in the cloud cover? Comparing extinction measures in spiral disks
• An ALMA study of the massive molecular clump N159W-North in the Large Magellanic Cloud: A possible gas flow penetrating one of the most massive protocluster systems in the Local Group
• XMMU J0541.8-6659, a new supernova remnant in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• A Spitzer/IRAC Characterization of Galactic AGB and RSG Stars
• Dust Cooling in Supernova Remnants in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Pillars of creation amongst destruction: Star formation in molecular clouds near R136 in 30 Doradus
• Structural and Dynamical Analysis of 0.1pc Cores and Filaments in the 30~Doradus-10 Giant Molecular Cloud
• A WISE view on extreme AGB stars
• Role of Thermal and Non-thermal Processes in the ISM of Magellanic Clouds
• The VMC Survey -- XXXVII. Pulsation periods of dust enshrouded AGB stars in the Magellanic Clouds
• Dusty Stellar Birth and Death in the Metal-Poor Galaxy NGC 6822
• A New Population of Planetary Nebulae Discovered in the Large Magellanic Cloud (IV): The Outer LMC
• Constraining Explosion Type of Young Supernova Remnants Using 24 Micron Emission Morphology
• The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey V. The peculiar B[e]-like supergiant, VFTS698, in 30 Doradus
• Star Formation Around Supergiant Shells in the LMC
• Period-Luminosity Relations for Cepheid Variables: From Mid-Infrared to Multi-Phase
• The mass-loss rates of red supergiants at low metallicity: Detection of rotational CO emission from two red supergiants in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey. XV. VFTS 822: a candidate Herbig B[e] star at low metallicity
• Optical spectroscopy of the blue supergiant Sk-69 279 and its circumstellar shell with SALT
• Ellipsoidal Variability and the Difference between Sequence D and E Red Giants
• Massive young stellar objects in the Local Group irregular galaxy NGC6822 identified using machine learning
• An evolutionary missing link? A modest-mass early-type galaxy hosting an over-sized nuclear black hole
• A Gravitationally Lensed Quasar Discovered in OGLE
• On the Enhancement of Mass Loss in Cepheids Due to Radial Pulsation. II. The Effect of Metallicity
• An ALMA Glimpse of Dense Molecular Filaments Associated with High-mass Protostellar Systems in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Stellar population synthesis of post-AGB stars: the s-process in MACHO47.2496.8
• The Role of Dust in Models of Population Synthesis
• A dearth of OH/IR stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• The VMC Survey XXVII. Young Stellar Structures in the LMC${}^{\prime }$s Bar Star-Forming Complex
• A novel method to automatically detect and measure the ages of star clusters in nearby galaxies: Application to the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Herschel spectroscopy of Massive Young Stellar Objects in the Magellanic Clouds
• Finding η Car Analogs in Nearby Galaxies Using Spitzer: I. Candidate Selection
• Identification of High Mass X-ray Binaries selected from XMM-Newton observations of the LMC
• DeGaS-MC: Dense Gas Survey in the Magellanic Clouds I -- An APEX survey of HCO+ and HCN(2-1) toward the LMC and SMC
• Discovery of a 168.8 s X-ray pulsar transiting in front of its Be companion star in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Spitzer Observations of Dust Emission from HII Regions in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Mid-IR period-magnitude relations for AGB stars
• X-ray spectroscopy of the starburst feedback in 30 Doradus
• ALMA reveals molecular cloud N55 in the Large Magellanic Cloud as a site of massive star formation
• An HST View of the Interstellar Environments of Young Stellar Objects in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Investigating episodic mass loss in evolved massive stars: I. Spectroscopy of dusty massive stars in ten southern galaxies
• On the Form of the Spitzer Leavitt Law and its Dependence on Metallicity
• Two evolved supernova remnants with newly identified Fe-rich cores in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The dust properties and physical conditions of the interstellar medium in the LMC massive star forming complex N11
• A multiline study of a high-mass young stellar object in the Small Magellanic Cloud with ALMA: The detection of methanol gas at 0.2 solar metallicity
• Statistical study of dust properties in LMC molecular clouds
• Revisiting the evolved hypergiants in the Magellanic Clouds
• Internal Structures of Molecular Clouds in the LMC Revealed by ALMA
• Discovery of a Metal-poor, Luminous Post-AGB Star that Failed the Third Dredge-up
• The Infrared Massive Stellar Content of M83
• The location, clustering, and propagation of massive star formation in giant molecular clouds
• Widely Extended [OIII] 88 um Line Emission around the 30 Doradus Region Revealed with AKARI FIS-FTS
• The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula survey XX. The nature of the X-ray bright emission line star VFTS 399
• Globular Cluster Populations: First Results from S${}^4$G Early-Type Galaxies
• A Spitzer Space Telescope survey of extreme Asymptotic Giant Branch stars in M32
• Dust composition and mass-loss return from the luminous blue variable R71 in the LMC
• The Young Stellar Population of the metal-poor galaxy NGC 6822
• Discovery of stars surrounded by iron dust in the LMC
• New ASKAP Radio Supernova Remnants and Candidates in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Discovery of a new Wolf-Rayet star and a candidate star cluster in the Large Magellanic Cloud with Spitzer
• Scientific Goals of the Kunlun Infrared Sky Survey (KISS)
• Extinction and dust/gas ratio in the H I ridge region of the LMC based on the IRSF/SIRIUS near-infrared survey
• Are extreme AGB stars post-common envelope binaries?
• Cold dust clumps in dynamically hot gas
• A Census of Thermally-Pulsing AGB stars in the Andromeda Galaxy and a First Estimate of their Contribution to the Global Dust Budget
• Formation of High-Mass stars in an isolated environment in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Seeing Red in M32: Constraints on the Stellar Content from Near- and Mid-Infrared Observations and Applications for Studies of More Distant Galaxies
• Survey of O VI absorption in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Characterization of M-stars in the LMC in the JWST era
• Infrared Properties of Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars in Our Galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds
• The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey. XXIII: two massive double-lined binaries in 30~Doradus
• Mass loss rates from mid-IR excesses in LMC and SMC O stars
• Spatial and Spectral Modeling of the Gamma-ray Distribution in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The Mid-Infrared Colours of Galactic Bulge, Disk and Magellanic Planetary Nebulae
• Light and colour variations of Mira variables in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• A Multiwavelength Survey of Wolf-Rayet Nebulae in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Resolved star formation in the metal poor star-forming region Magellanic Bridge C
• VLT-MAD observations of the core of 30 Doradus
• Modeling Transiting Circumstellar Disks: Characterizing the Newly Discovered Eclipsing Disk System OGLE LMC-ECL-11893
• Examining the Infrared Variable Star Population Discovered in the Small Magellanic Cloud Using the SAGE-SMC Survey
• Dust Buried Compact Sources in the Dwarf Galaxy NGC 4449
• BAT99 126: A multiple Wolf-Rayet system in the Large Magellanic Cloud with a massive near-contact binary
• A discovery of young stellar objects in older clusters of the Large Magellanic Cloud
• VLT/X-shooter spectroscopy of massive young stellar objects in the 30 Doradus region of the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Multi-frequency study of the newly confirmed supernova remnant MCSNR J0512-6707 in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Pre-main sequence stars in the stellar association N11 in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• XMM-Newton observation of SNR J0533-7202 in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Geometry of the Large Magellanic Cloud Using Multi- wavelength Photometry of Classical Cepheids
• A k-NN Method to Classify Rare Astronomical Sources: Photometric Search of Brown Dwarfs with Spitzer/IRAC
• Giant Molecular Cloud Formation at the Interface of Colliding Supershells in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Episodic mass loss in the very luminous red supergiant [W60] B90 in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Stellar Pulsation and the Production of Dust and Molecules in Galactic Carbon Stars
• The Detection of Deuterated Water in the Large Magellanic Cloud with ALMA
• The VMC Survey -- XLIX. Discovery of a population of quasars dominated by nuclear dust emission behind the Magellanic Clouds
• Spitzer Mid-infrared Study of Compact HII Regions in the Magellanic Clouds
• Dusty winds II. Observational Implications
• Oxygen-rich dust production in IC 10
• Structural and Dynamical Analysis of the Quiescent Molecular Ridge in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The mid-infrared Leavitt Law for Classical Cepheids in the Magellanic Clouds
• 30-micron sources in galaxies with different metallicities
• A massive nebula around the Luminous Blue Variable star RMC143 revealed by ALMA
• Optical discovery and multiwavelength investigation of supernova remnant MCSNR J0512-6707 in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The Luminous Blue Variable RMC127 as seen with ALMA and ATCA
• Radio Continuum Sources behind the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The contribution by luminous blue variable stars to the dust content of the Magellanic Clouds
• Variable dust formation by the colliding-wind Wolf-Rayet system HD 36402 in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The VMC Survey - XXXII. Pre-main sequence populations in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The SPHEREx Target List of Ice Sources (SPLICES)
• The Unusual Variability of the Large Magellanic Cloud Planetary Nebula RPJ 053059-683542
• Unveiling the nature of candidate high-mass young stellar objects in the Magellanic Clouds with near-IR spectroscopy
• Massive young stellar objects in the Local Group spiral galaxy M33 identified using machine learning
• Far Ultraviolet Diffuse Emission from the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Cepheid Period-Luminosity Relation from the AKARI Observations
• Broad Balmer Wings in BA Hyper/Supergiants Distorted by Diffuse Interstellar Bands: Five Examples in the 30 Doradus Region from the VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey
• The Dark Energy Camera Magellanic Clouds Emission-Line Survey
• Tidal stability of giant molecular clouds in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• A search for eclipsing binaries that host discs
• Identification of blazar candidates behind Small and Large Magellanic Clouds
• Toward a better understanding of the mid-infrared emission in the LMC
• An ALMA archival study of the clump mass function in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Dust emission at 8-mic and 24-mic as Diagnostics of HII Region Radiative Transfer
• Measuring Young Stars in Space and Time -- II. The Pre-Main-Sequence Stellar Content of N44
• Dust Emission from Evolved and Unevolved HII Regions in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Three-dimensional dust geometry of the LMC HI ridge region as revealed by the IRSF/SIRIUS survey
• The Mid-IR Contribution Of Dust Enshrouded Stars In Six Nearby Galaxies
• Relation of Observable Stellar Parameters to Mass-Loss Rate of AGB Stars in the LMC
• On the eclipsing binary ELHC 10 with occulting dark disc in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Two compact HII regions at the remote outskirts of the Magellanic Clouds
• Infrared composition of the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Time-Series Surveys and Pulsating Stars: The Near-Infrared Perspective
• The VMC survey -- XXXVI. Young stellar variability in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Do evolved stars in the LMC show dual dust chemistry?
• Revisiting the dust properties in the molecular clouds of the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Tracers of Stellar Mass-loss - II. Mid-IR Colors and Surface Brightness Fluctuations
• Properties of star formation of the Large Magellanic Cloud as probed by young stellar objects
• Magellanic Cloud stars with TiO bands in emission: binary post-RGB/AGB stars or young stellar objects?
• Near-Infrared Polarization Source Catalog of the Northeastern Regions of the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Herschel Observations of a Newly Discovered UX Ori Star in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Protostars at Subsolar Metallicity: First Detection of Large Solid-state Complex Organic Molecules in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Spitzer Mid-infrared Study of Sh 2-208: Evolution of Protoplanetary Disks in Low-metallicity Environments
• Red Be stars in the Magellanic Clouds?
• The VMC survey -- LIII. Data release #7. Complete survey data and data from additional programmes
• Optical BVI Imaging and HI Synthesis Observations of the Dwarf Irregular Galaxy ESO 364-G 029
• Infrared bubble recognition in the Milky Way and beyond using deep learning
• IRAC Observations of CO J=4-3 High-Velocity Cloud in the 30 Doradus Complex in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Disentangling emission from star-forming regions in the Magellanic Clouds: Linking [OIII]88 micron and 24 micron
• A Study of Mid-Infrared Sources that Dramatically Brightened
• Validating post-AGB candidates in the LMC and SMC using SALT spectra
• Global Spectral Energy Distributions of the Large Magellanic Cloud with Interstellar Dust
• Comparison of three Statistical Classification Techniques for Maser Identification
• Common Envelope Mass Ejection in Evolved Stars: Modeling the Dust Emission from post-RGB stars in the LMC
• The Quest for the Missing Dust: I -- Restoring Large Scale Emission in Herschel Maps of Local Group Galaxies
• Infrared and X-ray emission of a supernova remnant in a clumpy medium
• MAGellanic Outflow and chemistry Survey (MAGOS): Hot cores in the LMC
• Red Supergiants in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies
• Near-Contemporaneous Optical Spectroscopic and Infrared Photometric Observations of Candidate Herbig Ae/Be Stars in the Magellanic Clouds
• Evidence for Photometric Contamination in Key Observations of Cepheids in the Benchmark Galaxy IC 1613
• Stellar dust production and composition in the Magellanic Clouds
• Comparison of Diffuse Infrared and Far-Ultraviolet emission in the Large Magellanic Cloud: The Data
• The Identification of Extreme Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars and Red Supergiants in M33 by 24 μm Variability
• The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars. NGC2004#115: A triple system hosting a possible short period B+BH binary
• SALT spectroscopy of the HMXB associated with the LMC supernova remnant MCSNR\,J0513$-$6724
• Studying the multi-phase interstellar medium in the Large Magellanic Cloud with SRG/eROSITA -- I. Analysis of diffuse X-ray emission
• Temporal Changes in the Infrared Spectra of Magellanic Carbon Stars
• SMC-Last Extracted Photometry
• The Large Magellanic Cloud: A power spectral analysis of Spitzer images
• SMC-Last Mosaic Images
• Planetary Nebulae in the Magellanic Clouds and Local Group Galaxies
• Radio Planetary Nebulae in the Magellanic Clouds
• IR imaging surveys of AGB stars in the Magellanic Clouds
• Prospects for Studies of Stellar Evolution and Stellar Death in the JWST Era
• Near-Infrared Polarimetric Study of N159/N160 Star-Forming Complex in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Discovering Exotic AGN behind the Magellanic Clouds
• Revealing infrared populations of nearby galaxies using the Spitzer Space Telescope
• The orbital dynamics of the LMC and SMC about the Milky Way
• The Properties of Fast Yellow Pulsating Supergiants: FYPS Point the Way to Missing Red Supergiants
• The star formation process in the Magellanic Clouds
• Extending the RP survey to the outer LMC
• Identification of Spitzer-IRS staring mode targets in the Magellanic Clouds
• Physical Conditions in the LMC's Quiescent Molecular Ridge: Fitting Non-LTE Models to CO Emission
• Spectroscopic Line Modeling of the Fastest Rotating O-type Stars
• Infrared properties of Active OB stars in the Magellanic Clouds from the Spitzer SAGE Survey
• Star Formation in the LMC: Gravitational Instability and Dynamical Triggering
• The PRIMA promise of deciphering interstellar dust evolution with observations of the nearby Universe
• Near-IR CO and CN in classical Cepheids
• Observational studies of mass loss from AGB stars
• LMC+: Large-scale mapping of [CII] and [OIII] in the LMC molecular ridge, I. Dataset and line ratio analyses
• The Nearby Evolved Stars Survey II: Constructing a volume-limited sample and first results from the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
• An AGB Star with a Thick Circumstellar Shell