The Nearby Evolved Stars Survey II: Constructing a volume-limited sample and first results from the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

Abstract

The Nearby Evolved Stars Survey (NESS) is a volume-complete sample of $\sim$850 Galactic evolved stars within 3\,kpc at (sub-)mm wavelengths, observed in the CO $J=$ (2$-$1) and (3$-$2) rotational lines, and the sub-mm continuum, using the James Clark Maxwell Telescope and Atacama Pathfinder Experiment. NESS consists of five tiers, based on distances and dust-production rate (DPR). We define a new metric for estimating the distances to evolved stars and compare its results to \emph{Gaia} EDR3. Replicating other studies, the most-evolved, highly enshrouded objects in the Galactic Plane dominate the dust returned by our sources, and we initially estimate a total DPR of $4.7\times 10^{-5}$ M${}_{\odot }$ yr${}^{-1}$ from our sample. Our sub-mm fluxes are systematically higher and spectral indices are typically shallower than dust models typically predict. The 450/850 $\mu$m spectral indices are consistent with the blackbody Rayleigh--Jeans regime, suggesting a large fraction of evolved stars have unexpectedly large envelopes of cold dust.

arXiv comment20 pages, 13 figures, 5 tables, accepted for publications in MNRAS

References in corpus (117)

• Gaia Data Release 2. Summary of the contents and survey properties
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA)
• PARSEC: stellar tracks and isochrones with the PAdova and TRieste Stellar Evolution Code
• Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction
• dynesty: A Dynamic Nested Sampling Package for Estimating Bayesian Posteriors and Evidences
• Gaia Data Release 1. Summary of the astrometric, photometric, and survey properties
• Estimating distances from parallaxes IV: Distances to 1.33 billion stars in Gaia Data Release 2
• The Dartmouth Stellar Evolution Database
• Evolution of asymptotic giant branch stars II. Optical to far-infrared isochrones with improved TP-AGB models
• A new generation of PARSEC-COLIBRI stellar isochrones including the TP-AGB phase
• Gaia Early Data Release 3: Parallax bias versus magnitude, colour, and position
• Planck 2013 results. XI. All-sky model of thermal dust emission
• Spitzer Survey of the Large Magellanic Cloud, Surveying the Agents of a Galaxy's Evolution (SAGE) I: Overview and Initial Results
• The Dawes Review 2: Nucleosynthesis and stellar yields of low and intermediate-mass single stars
• The Evolution of the Elemental Abundances in the Gas and Dust Phases of the Galaxy
• SCUBA-2: The 10000 pixel bolometer camera on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
• The CO-to-H2 Conversion Factor From Infrared Dust Emission Across the Local Group
• On the Submillimeter Opacity of Protoplanetary Disks
• Evidence for TP-AGB stars in high redshift galaxies, and their effect on deriving stellar population parameters
• Asteroseismology of old open clusters with Kepler: direct estimate of the integrated RGB mass loss in NGC6791 and NGC6819
• SCUBA-2: iterative map-making with the Sub-Millimetre User Reduction Facility
• SCUBA-2: on-sky calibration using submillimetre standard sources
• Fundamental parameters and infrared excesses of Hipparcos stars
• Probing the mass-loss history of AGB and red supergiant stars from CO rotational line profiles - II. CO line survey of evolved stars: derivation of mass-loss rate formulae
• Large dust particles in disks around T Tauri stars
• HARP/ACSIS: A submillimetre spectral imaging system on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
• Constraining the thermally-pulsing asymptotic giant branch phase with resolved stellar populations in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• Dust Evolution in Protoplanetary Disks
• A far-infrared survey of bow shocks and detached shells around AGB stars and red supergiants
• A close halo of large transparent grains around extreme red giant stars
• A three-dimensional map of the Milky Way using classical Cepheid variable stars
• Dust and Gas in the Magellanic Clouds from the HERITAGE Herschel Key Project. I. Dust Properties and Insights into the Origin of the Submm Excess Emission
• Mass loss rates of a sample of irregular and semiregular M-type AGB-variables
• The wind speeds, dust content, and mass-loss rates of evolved AGB and RSG stars at varying metallicity
• Surveying the Agents of Galaxy Evolution in the Tidally-Stripped, Low Metallicity Small Magellanic Cloud (SAGE-SMC) II. Cool Evolved Stars
• On the reliability of mass-loss-rate estimates for AGB stars
• Probing the mass-loss history of AGB and red supergiant stars from CO rotational line profiles I. Theoretical model -- Mass-loss history unravelled in VY CMa
• The Dust Budget of the SMC: Are AGB Stars the Primary Dust Source at Low Metallicity?
• 3D mapping of young stars in the solar neighbourhood with Gaia DR2
• The Mass-Loss Return From Evolved Stars to The Large Magellanic Cloud VI: Luminosities and Mass-Loss Rates on Population Scales
• MESS (Mass-loss of Evolved StarS), a Herschel Key Program
• (Sub)stellar companions shape the winds of evolved stars
• Fundamental parameters and infrared excesses of Tycho-Gaia stars
• Mass loss on the red giant branch: the value and metallicity dependence of Reimers' η in globular clusters
• The SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey: blank-field number counts of 450um-selected galaxies and their contribution to the cosmic infrared background
• Untangling the Galaxy. II. Structure within 3 kpc
• Classification of 2.4-45.2 Micron Spectra from the ISO Short Wavelength Spectrometer
• Circumstellar molecular line emission from S-type AGB stars: Mass-loss rates and SiO abundances
• New observations and models of circumstellar CO line emission of AGB stars in the Herschel SUCCESS programme
• The mass-loss return from evolved stars to the Large Magellanic Cloud V. The GRAMS carbon-star model grid
• The Contribution of TP-AGB and RHeB Stars to the Near-IR Luminosity of Local Galaxies: Implications for Stellar Mass Measurements of High Redshift Galaxies
• ALMA observations of the nearby AGB star L2 Puppis - I. Mass of the central star and detection of a candidate planet
• Mass loss and rotational CO emission from Asymptotic Giant Branch stars
• The evolved-star dust budget of the Small Magellanic Cloud: the critical role of a few key players
• An Infrared Census of DUST in Nearby Galaxies with Spitzer (DUSTiNGS), II. Discovery of Metal-poor Dusty AGB Stars
• A Near-Infrared Period-Luminosity Relation for Miras in NGC 4258, an Anchor for a New Distance Ladder
• The Mass-Loss Return from Evolved Stars to the Large Magellanic Cloud IV: Construction and Validation of a Grid of Models for Oxygen-Rich AGB Stars, Red Supergiants, and Extreme AGB Stars
• Low temperature MIR to submillimeter mass absorption coefficient of interstellar dust analogues I: Mg-rich glassy silicates
• Probing the mass loss history of carbon stars using CO line and dust continuum emission
• The SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey: Ultraluminous star-forming galaxies in a z=1.6 cluster
• Fundamental parameters, integrated RGB mass loss and dust production in the Galactic globular cluster 47 Tucanae
• Large dust grains in the wind of VY Canis Majoris
• The trigger of the AGB superwind: the importance of carbon
• Heading Gaia to measure atmospheric dynamics in AGB stars
• Low-temperature MIR to submillimeter mass absorption coefficient of interstellar dust analogues II: Mg and Fe-rich amorphous silicates
• IRC +10 216 in 3-D: morphology of a TP-AGB star envelope
• Dust production and mass loss in the Galactic globular cluster 47 Tucanae
• The detached dust shells of AQ And, U Ant, and TT Cyg
• An Infrared Census of DUST in Nearby Galaxies with Spitzer (DUSTiNGS). IV. Discovery of High-Redshift AGB Analogs
• Automated reduction of submillimetre single-dish heterodyne data from the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope using ORAC-DR
• Pulsation-triggered dust production by asymptotic giant branch stars
• An Infrared Census Of Dust In Nearby Galaxies With Spitzer (DUSTiNGS): V. The Period-luminosity Relation For Dusty Metal-Poor AGB Stars
• Modelling the alumina abundance of oxygen-rich evolved stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Spitzer spectra of evolved stars in omega Centauri and their low-metallicity dust production
• The Stellar Spectral Features of Nearby Galaxies in the Near-Infrared: Tracers of Thermally-Pulsing Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars?
• Near-infrared Mira Period-Luminosity Relations in M33
• The Spitzer Spectroscopic Survey of S-type Stars
• Modelling Long-Period Variables -- II. Fundamental mode pulsation in the nonlinear regime
• Resolving the extended stellar atmospheres of Asymptotic Giant Branch stars at (sub-)millimetre wavelengths
• The onset of the AGB wind tied to a transition between sequences in the period-luminosity diagram
• Ejection of globular cluster interstellar media through ionization by white dwarfs
• Spitzer Space Telescope evidence in NGC 6791: no super-mass-loss at super-solar metallicity to explain helium white dwarfs?
• Identification of a Class of Low-Mass Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars Struggling to Become Carbon Stars in the Magellanic Clouds
• A peculiar class of debris disks from Herschel/DUNES - A steep fall off in the far infrared
• The inhomogeneous sub-millimeter atmosphere of Betelgeuse
• The detached dust and gas shells around the carbon star U Ant
• Photodissociation of CO in the outflow of evolved stars
• 870 um observations of evolved stars with LABOCA
• Betelgeuse fainter in the sub-millimetre too: an analysis of JCMT and APEX monitoring during the recent optical minimum
• Evolved stars in the Local Group galaxies. I. AGB evolution and dust production in IC 1613
• The mass-loss return from evolved stars to the Large Magellanic Cloud III. Dust properties for carbon-rich asymptotic giant branch stars
• The (sub-)millimeter SED of protoplanetary disks in the outskirts of the Orion Nebula Cluster
• A Dramatic Decrease in Carbon Star Formation in M31
• The ALMA detection of CO rotational line emission in AGB stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Continuum emission around AGB stars at 1.2 mm
• Radio continuum monitoring of the extreme carbon star IRC+10216
• The photodissociation of CO in circumstellar envelopes
• Temporal Evolution of the Size and Temperature of Betelgeuse's Extended Atmosphere
• Interplay between pulsation, mass loss, and third dredge-up: More about Miras with and without technetium
• ALMA reveals sunburn: CO dissociation around AGB stars in the globular cluster 47 Tucanae
• ALMA and VLA reveal the lukewarm chromospheres of the nearby red supergiants Antares and Betelgeuse
• The Evolving Radio Photospheres of Long-Period Variable Stars
• An ISO/SWS study of the dust composition around S stars
• VISTA variables in the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxy: pulsation- vs. dust-driven winds on the giant branches
• Astrometry of OH/IR stars using 1612 MHz hydroxyl masers. I. Annual parallaxes of WX Psc and OH138.0+7.2
• The mass-loss rates of red supergiants at low metallicity: Detection of rotational CO emission from two red supergiants in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Extended Dust Emission from Nearby Evolved Stars
• Identification of dusty massive stars in star-forming dwarf irregular galaxies in the Local Group with mid-IR photometry
• First detection of rotational CO line emission in an RGB star
• Period -- mass-loss rate relation of Miras with and without technetium
• EU Del: exploring the onset of pulsation-driven winds in giant stars
• Far-infrared and sub-millimetre imaging of HD~76582's circumstellar disk
• Circumstellar CO in metal-poor stellar winds: the highly irradiated globular cluster star 47 Tucanae V3
• Properties of dust in the detached shells around U Ant, DR Ser, and V644 Sco
• Rapid grain growth in post-AGB disc systems from far-infrared and sub-millimetre photometry
• The Nearby Evolved Stars Survey: I. JCMT/SCUBA-2 Sub-millimetre detection of the detached shell of U Antliae
• Commissioning of Namakanui on the JCMT