Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy

Abstract

For solid-state materials, the electronic structure, E(k), is critical in determining a crystal's physical properties. By experimentally detecting the electronic structure, the fundamental physics can be revealed. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) is a powerful technique for directly observing the electronic structure with energy- and momentum-resolved information. Over the past decades, major improvements in the energy and momentum resolution, alongside the extension of ARPES observables to spin (SpinARPES), micrometer or nanometer lateral dimensions (MicroARPES/NanoARPES), and femtosecond timescales (TrARPES), have led to major scientific advances. These advantages have been achieved across a wide range of quantum materials, such as high-temperature superconductors, topological materials, two-dimensional materials and heterostructures. This primer introduces key aspects of ARPES principles, instrumentation, data analysis, and representative scientific cases to demonstrate the power of the method. Perspectives and challenges on future developments are also discussed.

Invited Review article for Nature Reviews Methods Primers

References in corpus (50)

• Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films
• The electronic properties of graphene
• Two Dimensional Atomic Crystals
• 2D materials and van der Waals heterostructures
• Discovery (theoretical prediction and experimental observation) of a large-gap topological-insulator class with spin-polarized single-Dirac-cone on the surface
• A topological Dirac insulator in a quantum spin Hall phase : Experimental observation of first strong topological insulator
• Substrate-induced band gap opening in epitaxial graphene
• First direct observation of Spin-textures in Topological Insulators : Spin-resolved ARPES as a probe of topological quantum spin Hall effect and Berry's phase
• Observation of Fermi-surface-dependent nodeless superconducting gaps in Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2
• Classification of stable three-dimensional Dirac semimetals with nontrivial topology
• Emergence of the nematic electronic state in FeSe
• Ultrafast Optical Excitation of a Persistent Surface-State Population in the Topological Insulator Bi2Se3
• Distinct Fermi-Momentum Dependent Energy Gaps in Deeply Underdoped Bi2212
• Energy gaps in high-transition temperature cuprate superconductors
• Reconstruction of Band Structure Induced by Electronic Nematicity in an FeSe Superconductor
• Direct evidence for a competition between the pseudogap and high temperature superconductivity in the cuprates
• Strength of the Spin-Fluctuation-Mediated Pairing Interaction in a High-Temperature Superconductor
• Phase competition in trisected superconducting dome
• Colloquium: Graphene spectroscopy
• Development of a Vacuum Ultra-Violet Laser-Based Angle-Resolved Photoemission System with a Super-High Energy Resolution Better Than 1 meV
• Many-body interactions in quasi-freestanding graphene
• Tracking Cooper Pairs in a Cuprate Superconductor by Ultrafast Angle-Resolved Photoemission
• Superconducting gap symmetry of Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2 studied by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
• Direct Measurement of the Out-of-Plane Spin Texture in the Dirac Cone Surface State of a Topological Insulator
• Self-consistent self-energy analysis of photoemission data
• Bare electron dispersion from photoemission experiments
• Experimental evidence of chiral symmetry breaking in Kekulé-ordered graphene
• Observation of Dirac-like energy band and ring-torus Fermi surface associated with the nodal line in topological insulator CaAgAs
• Point nodes persisting far beyond Tc in Bi2212
• Universal Substrate Effect on the Superconductivity of FeSe Monolayer Films
• "Waterfalls" phenomenon in superconducting cuprates
• "Waterfalls" in cuprates
• Distinct Electronic Structure for the Extreme Magnetoresistance in YSb
• Spin-Polarized Surface Resonances Accompanying Topological Surface State Formation
• Observation and control of the weak topological insulator state in ZrTe5
• Ultrafast Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy of Quantum Materials
• Experimental setup for low-energy laser-based angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy
• Kohn anomaly and interplay of electron-electron and electron-phonon interactions in epitaxial graphene
• Ultrafast quenching of electron-boson interaction and superconducting gap in a cuprate superconductor
• Mode-selective coupling of coherent phonons to the Bi2212 electronic band structure
• Dichotomy of superconductivity between monolayer FeS and FeSe
• Distinct Superconducting Gap on Two Bilayer-Split Fermi Surface Sheets in $B{i}_{2}S{r}_{2}CaC{u}_2{O}_{8+\delta }$ Superconductor
• Ultrafast time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy with widely tunable probe photon energy of 5.3-7.0 eV for investigating dynamics of three-dimensional materials
• Population inversion and Dirac fermion cooling in 3D Dirac semimetal Cd${}_3$As${}_2$
• Time-resolved ARPES on cuprates: Tracking the low-energy electrodynamics in the time domain
• High repetition pump-and-probe photoemission spectroscopy based on a compact fiber laser system
• Effects, Determination, and Correction of Count Rate Nonlinearity in Multi-Channel Analog Electron Detectors
• Unveiling quasiparticle dynamics of topological insulators through Bayesian modelling
• Experimental evidence of plasmarons and effective fine structure constant in electron-doped graphene/h-BN heterostructure
• Electronic structure of 2D van der Waals crystals and heterostructures investigated by spatially- and angle-resolved photoemission