Rapid growth of seed black holes during early bulge formation

Abstract

We study the early growth of massive seed black holes (BHs) via accretion in protogalactic nuclei where the stellar bulge component is assembled, performing axisymmetric two-dimensional radiation hydrodynamical simulations. We find that when a seed BH with $M_{\bullet }\sim 10^5{M}_{\odot }$ is embedded in dense metal-poor gas ($Z=0.01Z_{\odot }$) with a density of $\gtrsim 100{\mathrm{cm}}^{-3}$ and bulge stars with a total mass of $M_{\star }\gtrsim 100M_{\bullet }$, a massive gaseous disk feeds the BH efficiently at rates of $\gtrsim 0.3-1M_{\odot }{\mathrm{yr}}^{-1}$ and the BH mass increases nearly tenfold within $\sim 2$ Myr. This rapid accretion phase lasts until a good fraction of the gas bounded within the bulge accretes onto the BH, although the feeding rate is regulated owing to strong outflows driven by ionizing radiation emitted from the accreting BH. The transient growing mode can be triggered for seed BHs formed in massive dark-matter halos with masses of $\gtrsim 10^9{M}_{\odot }$ at $z\sim 15-20$ (the virial temperature is $T_{\mathrm{vir}}\simeq 10^5\mathrm{K}$). The host halos are heavier and rarer than those of typical first galaxies, but are more likely to end up in quasar hosts by $z\simeq 6$. This mechanism naturally yields a mass ratio of $M_{\bullet }/M_{\star }>0.01$ higher than the value seen in the local universe and the existence of such overmassive BHs provides us a unique opportunity of detecting highly accreting seed BHs at $z\sim 15$ with AB magnitude of $m_{\mathrm{AB}}\sim 26-29$ mag at $2\mu \mathrm{m}$ (rest-frame 10 eV) by the upcoming observations by the James Webb Space Telescope and Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope.

28 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication to ApJ. Movies of the simulation are available at https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLqDrKvxmu0l4fyJ74u5ZYyQ8PmwuNZA32

References in corpus (151)

• A Universal Density Profile from Hierarchical Clustering
• A Fundamental Relation Between Supermassive Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies
• Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies
• The Demography of Massive Dark Objects in Galaxy Centres
• Profiles of dark haloes: evolution, scatter, and environment
• The Formation of Galactic Disks
• Atomic Data for Astrophysics. II. New Analytic Fits for Photoionization Cross Sections of Atoms and Ions
• Galaxy Bimodality due to Cold Flows and Shock Heating
• PLUTO: a Numerical Code for Computational Astrophysics
• A luminous quasar at a redshift of z = 7.085
• UV Luminosity Functions at redshifts z~4 to z~10: 10000 Galaxies from HST Legacy Fields
• Concentrations of Dark Halos from their Assembly Histories
• The size distribution of galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at redshift 7.5
• Formation of the First Supermassive Black Holes
• An ultra-luminous quasar with a twelve-billion-solar-mass black hole at redshift 6.30
• High Mass X-ray Binaries as a Star Formation Rate Indicator in Distant Galaxies
• The Assembly of the First Massive Black Holes
• The Merger Rates and Mass Assembly Histories of Dark Matter Haloes in the Two Millennium Simulations
• A Measurement of the Electromagnetic Luminosity of a Kerr Black Hole
• The transition from Population III to normal galaxies: Ly-a and HeII 1640 emission and the ionising properties of high redshift starburst galaxies
• One Hundred First Stars : Protostellar Evolution and the Final Masses
• Gravitational Instabilities in Circumstellar Disks
• Self-Consistent Models of the AGN and Black Hole Populations: Duty Cycles, Accretion Rates, and the Mean Radiative Efficiency
• The Canada-France High-z Quasar Survey: nine new quasars and the luminosity function at redshift 6
• The First Galaxies
• GRMHD Simulations of Magnetized Advection Dominated Accretion on a Non-Spinning Black Hole: Role of Outflows
• Supermassive black hole formation during the assembly of pre-galactic discs
• A Luminous Quasar at Redshift 7.642
• Super-critical Accretion Flows around Black Holes: Two-dimensional, Radiation-pressure-dominated Disks with Photon-trapping
• A Global Three Dimensional Radiation Magneto-hydrodynamic Simulation of Super-Eddington Accretion Disks
• Star Formation and Gas Kinematics of Quasar Host Galaxies at z~6: New insights from ALMA
• Hydrodynamical Non-radiative Accretion Flows in Two-Dimensions
• Protostellar Feedback Halts the Growth of the First Stars in the Universe
• Protostar Formation in the Early Universe
• Cooling flows and quasars: II. Detailed models of feedback modulated accretion flows
• Rapid growth of high redshift black holes
• The Formation and Evolution of Massive Black Holes
• Rest-frame ultraviolet-to-optical spectral characteristics of extremely metal-poor and metal-free galaxies
• Formation of the first nuclear clusters and massive black holes at high redshift
• Formation of z ~ 6 quasars from hierarchical galaxy mergers
• Toy Models for Galaxy Formation versus Simulations
• Supermassive Black Hole Formation by Direct Collapse: Keeping Protogalactic Gas H_2--Free in Dark Matter Halos with Virial Temperatures T_vir >~ 10^4 K
• Formation of Primordial Protostars
• Primordial Star Formation under Far-ultraviolet radiation
• Cold flows and the first quasars
• Circumventing the radiation pressure barrier in the formation of massive stars via disk accretion
• The first ultraviolet quasar stacked spectrum at z=2.4 from WFC3
• Black Holes on FIRE: Stellar Feedback Limits Early Feeding of Galactic Nuclei
• The Structure and Evolution of Early Cosmological HII Regions
• Molecular Gas in Redshift 6 Quasar Host Galaxies
• Magnetohydrodynamical Non-radiative Accretion Flows in Two-Dimensions
• Hyper-Eddington accretion flows onto massive black holes
• Blossoms from black hole seeds: properties and early growth regulated by supernova feedback
• Black hole formation in the early universe
• Quasars: the characteristic spectrum and the induced radiative heating
• Formation of massive black holes in rapidly growing pre-galactic gas clouds
• Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-Luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs). V. Quasar Luminosity Function and Contribution to Cosmic Reionization at z = 6
• Resolving the Formation of Protogalaxies. II. Central Gravitational Collapse
• Three-dimensional simulation of massive star formation in the disk accretion scenario
• Subaru high-z exploration of low-luminosity quasars (SHELLQs). I. Discovery of 15 quasars and bright galaxies at 5.7 < z < 6.9
• Global simulations of axisymmetric radiative black hole accretion disks in general relativity with a sub-grid magnetic dynamo
• The mass relations between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies at 1<z<2 with HST-WFC3
• Rapid growth of seed black holes in the early universe by supra-exponential accretion
• The Relation between Black Hole Mass and Host Spheroid Stellar Mass out to z~2
• Magnetorotational Instability Driven Accretion in Protoplanetary Disks
• Star formation at very low metallicity. I: Chemistry and cooling at low densities
• The Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope: 100 Hubbles for the 2020s
• 2-D simulations of FU Orionis disk outbursts
• Accretion onto Seed Black Holes in the First Galaxies
• Global Evolution of an Accretion Disk with Net Vertical Field: Coronal Accretion, Flux Transport, and Disk Winds
• Growing the first bright quasars in cosmological simulations of structure formation
• X-ray emission from star-forming galaxies - III. Calibration of the Lx-SFR relation up to redshift z$\simeq$1.3
• Resonant relaxation and the warp of the stellar disc in the Galactic centre
• Supernova Explosions in the Early Universe: Evolution of Radiative Remnants and the Halo Destruction Efficiency
• Accretion onto Intermediate Mass Black Holes Regulated by Radiative Feedback I. Parametric Study for Spherically Symmetric Accretion
• The Universe at z>10: Predictions for JWST from the UniverseMachine DR1
• Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-Luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs). VI. Black Hole Mass Measurements of Six Quasars at 6.1<z<6.7
• Blowing cold flows away: the impact of early AGN activity on the formation of a brightest cluster galaxy progenitor
• Merger Rates of Dark-Matter Haloes
• Unveiling the first black holes with JWST: multi-wavelength spectral predictions
• Formation of massive protostars in atomic cooling haloes
• The First Galaxies: Assembly with Black Hole Feedback
• The black hole - bulge mass relation of Active Galactic Nuclei in the Extended Chandra Deep Field - South Survey
• The compact, ~1 kpc host galaxy of a quasar at z=7.1
• Formation of Intermediate-Mass Black Holes through Runaway Collisions in the First Star Clusters
• Accretion onto Black Holes from Large Scales Regulated by Radiative Feedback. II. Growth Rate and Duty Cycle
• Unravelling obese black holes in the first galaxies
• Formation of an embryonic supermassive star in the first galaxy
• Accretion onto black holes formed by direct collapse
• Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-Luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs) VIII. A less biased view of the early co-evolution of black holes and host galaxies
• A model for the postcollapse equilibrium of cosmological structure: truncated isothermal spheres from top-hat density perturbations
• A mass-dependent slope of the galaxy size-mass relation out to z~3: further evidence for a direct relation between median galaxy size and median halo mass
• The ALMA view of the high-redshift relation between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies
• Supermassive Star Formation via Super Competitive Accretion in Slightly Metal-enriched Clouds
• A new channel to form IMBHs throughout cosmic time
• Efficiency of Super-Eddington Magnetically-Arrested Accretion
• The Formation of the First Massive Black Holes
• A Multistep Algorithm for the Radiation Hydrodynamical Transport of Cosmological Ionization Fronts and Ionized Flows
• Shining in the Dark: the Spectral Evolution of the First Black Holes
• Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program: A Mass-Dependent Slope of the Galaxy Size-Mass Relation at $z<1$
• Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-Luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs). XIII. Large-scale Feedback and Star Formation in a Low-Luminosity Quasar at z = 7.07 on the Local Black Hole to Host Mass Relation
• The Postcollapse Equilibrium Structure of Cosmological Haloes in a Low-Density Universe
• Evidence for Low Radiative Efficiency or Highly Obscured Growth of $z>7$ Quasars
• Numerical resolution effects on simulations of massive black hole seeds
• Nuclear Dominated Accretion Flows in Two Dimensions. I. Torus Evolution with Parametric Microphysics
• Radiation hydrodynamics simulations of the formation of direct-collapse supermassive stellar systems
• Radiation hydrodynamics simulations of photoevaporation of protoplanetary disks II: Metallicity dependence of UV and X-ray photoevaporation
• High-redshift quasars and their host galaxies I: kinematical and dynamical properties and their tracers
• Radiation Hydrodynamics Simulations of Photoevaporation of Protoplanetary Disks by Ultra Violet Radiation: Metallicity Dependence
• Light, medium-weight or heavy? The nature of the first supermassive black hole seeds
• Radiation hydrodynamics simulations of massive star cluster formation in giant molecular clouds
• Making a supermassive star by stellar bombardment
• The suppression of direct collapse black hole formation by soft X-ray irradiation
• First Spectroscopic Study of a Young Quasar
• Limits on Population III star formation in minihaloes implied by Planck
• The Sizes of Quasar Host Galaxies with the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program
• Forming massive seed black holes in high-redshift quasar host progenitors
• Detecting and Characterizing Young Quasars II: Four Quasars at $z\sim 6$ with Lifetimes $<10^4$ years
• Time-dependent behaviour of quasar proximity zones at $z\sim 6$
• Star cluster formation and cloud dispersal by radiative feedback: dependence on metallicity and compactness
• A Three-dimensional Simulation of a Magnetized Accretion Disk: Fast Funnel Accretion onto a Weakly Magnetized Star
• Host galaxies of high-redshift quasars: supermassive black hole growth and feedback
• The Formation of Very Massive Stars in Early Galaxies and Implications for Intermediate Mass Black Holes
• Hyper-Eddington mass accretion onto a black hole with super-Eddington luminosity
• Limits on the high redshift growth of massive black holes
• Effect of cosmic ray/X-ray ionization on supermassive black hole formation
• A Semi-Analytical Description for the Formation and Gravitational Evolution of Protoplanetary Disks
• Chasing the observational signatures of seed black holes at z > 7: candidate statistics
• Chasing the observational signatures of seed black holes at z > 7: candidate observability
• Rapid Black Hole Growth under Anisotropic Radiation Feedback
• Hyper-Eddington accretion flows onto black holes accompanied by powerful outflows
• Early growth of typical high redshift black holes seeded by direct collapse
• Rapid growth of black holes accompanied with hot or warm outflows exposed to anisotropic super-Eddington radiation
• Stunted accretion growth of black holes by combined effect of the flow angular momentum and radiation feedback
• Super-Eddington accretion of dusty gas onto seed black holes: metallicity-dependent efficiency of mass growth
• Bulge-driven Fueling of Seed Black Holes
• Makemake + Sedna: A Continuum Radiation Transport and Photoionization Framework for Astrophysical Newtonian Fluid Dynamics
• Radiative effects during the assembly of direct collapse black holes
• Super-Eddington mass growth of intermediate-mass black holes embedded in dusty circumnuclear disks
• Evolution of high-redshift quasar hosts and promotion of massive black hole seed formation
• Transition of BH feeding from the quiescent regime into star-forming cold disk regime
• Dusty Gas Accretion onto Massive Black Holes and Infrared Diagnosis of the Eddington Ratio
• Stellar Tidal Disruption Events by Direct Collapse Black Holes
• The Formation of the First Quasars. I. The Black Hole Seeds, Accretion and Feedback Models
• Rayleigh-Taylor instability of ionization front around black holes
• Multiscale mass transport in z~6 galactic discs: fueling black holes
• Radiation-driven turbulent accretion onto massive black holes
• Biconical-dominated Accretion Flow onto Seed Black Holes in a Hyper-accretion Regime
• Gravitational wave backgrounds from coalescing black hole binaries at cosmic dawn: an upper bound
• Probing Early Super-massive Black Hole Growth and Quasar Evolution with Near-infrared Spectroscopy of 37 Reionization-era Quasars at 6.3 < z <= 7.64

Cited by in corpus (23)

• A Lower Bound of Star Formation Activity in Ultra-high Redshift Galaxies Detected with JWST: Implications for Stellar Populations and Radiation Sources
• Detection of stellar light from quasar host galaxies at redshifts above 6
• A Candidate of a Least-Massive Black Hole at the First 1.1 Billion Years of the Universe
• Little Red Dots: Rapidly Growing Black Holes Reddened by Extended Dusty Flows
• The Age of Discovery with the James Webb: Excavating the Spectral Signatures of the First Massive Black Holes
• Overmassive black holes at cosmic noon: linking the local and the high-redshift Universe
• Supercritical growth pathway to overmassive black holes at cosmic dawn: coevolution with massive quasar hosts
• The fraction and kinematics of broad absorption line quasars across cosmic time
• Super-critical accretion of medium-weight seed black holes in gaseous proto-galactic nuclei
• Multi-phase black-hole feedback and a bright [CII] halo in a Lo-BAL quasar at $z\sim 6.6$
• On the Connection between Supermassive Black Hole and Galaxy Growth in the Reionization Epoch
• The Assembly of Black Hole Mass and Luminosity Functions of High-redshift Quasars via Multiple Accretion Episodes
• HYPERION. Coevolution of supermassive black holes and galaxies at $z>6$ and the build-up of massive galaxies
• The evolution of supermassive blackhole mass--bulge mass relation by a semi-analytic model, ${\nu }^2$GC
• Photometric IGM Tomography: Efficiently Mapping Quasar Light Echoes with Deep Narrow Band Imaging
• The Wind Dynamics of Super-Eddington Sources in FRADO
• Fading Light, Fierce Winds: JWST Snapshot of a Sub-Eddington Quasar at Cosmic Dawn
• Super-Eddington Growth Ceiling: Analytic Constraints on the Rapid Growth of Light-Seed Black Holes in Massive Clumps
• Gamma Analytical Modeling Evolution (GAME) I: The physical implications of deriving the stellar mass functions from z=0 to z=8
• How black hole activity may influence exoplanetary evolution in our Galaxy
• The implications of overmassive black holes at $z>5$ for quasar and black hole growth
• Radiative feedback on supermassive star formation: the massive end of the Population III initial mass function
• Multi-component, axisymmetric dynamical models of dSphs based on distribution functions: inferences on dark matter and intermediate-mass black holes in Draco and Ursa Minor