Statistical Study of Gamma-Ray Bursts with a Plateau Phase in the X-ray Afterglow

Abstract

A plateau phase in the X-ray afterglow is observed in a significant fraction of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Previously, it has been found that there exists a correlation among three key parameters concerning the plateau phase, i.e., the end time of the plateau phase in the GRB rest frame ($T_a$), the corresponding X-ray luminosity at the end time ($L_X$) and the isotropic energy of the prompt GRB ($E_{\gamma ,\mathrm{iso}}$). In this study, we systematically search through all the \emph{Swift} GRBs with a plateau phase that occurred between 2005 May and 2018 August. We collect 174 GRBs, with redshifts available for all of them. For the whole sample, the correlation between $L_X$, $T_a$ and $E_{\gamma ,\mathrm{iso}}$ is confirmed, with the best fit relation being $L_X\propto T_a^{-1.01}{E}_{\gamma ,\mathrm{iso}}^{0.84}$. Such an updated three-parameter correlation still supports that the central leftover after GRBs is probably a millisecond magnetar. It is interesting to note that short GRBs with duration less than 2 s in our sample also follow the same correlation, which hints that the merger production of two neutron stars could be a high mass magnetar, but not necessarily a black hole. Moreover, GRBs having an "internal" plateau (i.e., with a following decay index being generally smaller than -3) also obey this correlation. It further strengthens the idea that the internal plateau is due to the delayed collapse of a high mass neutron star into a black hole. The updated three-parameter correlation indicates that GRBs with a plateau phase may act as a standard candle for cosmology study.

35 pages, 8 figures, 3 tables, accepted by AAS Journal

References in corpus (107)

• Gravitational Waves and Gamma-rays from a Binary Neutron Star Merger: GW170817 and GRB 170817A
• GW151226: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a 22-Solar-Mass Binary Black Hole Coalescence
• GW170104: Observation of a 50-Solar-Mass Binary Black Hole Coalescence at Redshift 0.2
• Discovery of the peculiar supernova 1998bw in the error box of GRB980425
• Methods and results of an automatic analysis of a complete sample of Swift-XRT observations of GRBs
• An Ordinary Short Gamma-Ray Burst with Extraordinary Implications: Fermi-GBM Detection of GRB 170817A
• A very energetic supernova associated with the gamma-ray burst of 29 March 2003
• Some Aspects of Measurement Error in Linear Regression of Astronomical Data
• Intrinsic spectra and energetics of BeppoSAX Gamma-Ray Bursts with known redshifts
• Spectroscopic Discovery of the Supernova 2003dh Associated with GRB 030329
• Optical and Long Wavelength Afterglow from Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Physical processes shaping GRB X-ray afterglow lightcurves: theoretical implications from the Swift XRT observations
• The Physics of Gamma-Ray Bursts and Relativistic Jets
• An online repository of Swift/XRT light curves of GRBs
• Evidence for a Canonical GRB Afterglow Light Curve in the Swift/XRT Data
• Hyper-Accreting Black Holes and Gamma-Ray Bursts
• The shock break-out of GRB 060218/SN 2006aj
• Gamma-ray Burst Afterglow with Continuous Energy Injection: Signature of a Highly-Magnetized Millisecond Pulsar
• GRB Formation Rates inferred from the Spectral Peak Energy - Luminosity Relation
• The Proto-Magnetar Model for Gamma-Ray Bursts
• The collimation--corrected GRB energies correlate with the peak energy of their $\nu F_{\nu }$ spectrum
• The BATSE Gamma-Ray Burst Spectral Catalog. I. High Time Resolution Spectroscopy of Bright Bursts using High Energy Resolution Data
• Connection Between Energy-dependent Lags And Peak Luminosity In Gamma-ray Bursts
• Signatures of magnetar central engines in short GRB lightcurves
• A Photometric Redshift of z ~ 9.4 for GRB 090429B
• Shocked by GRB 970228: the afterglow of a cosmological fireball
• Short Duration Gamma-Ray Bursts with Extended Emission from Proto-Magnetar Spin-Down
• Measuring the cosmological parameters with the Ep,i-Eiso correlation of Gamma-Ray Bursts
• The Hubble Diagram to Redshift >6 from 69 Gamma-Ray Bursts
• X-Ray Flares from Postmerger Millisecond Pulsars
• Neutrino trapping and accretion models for Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Neutrino-Cooled Accretion Disks around Spinning Black Hole
• GRB after-glow: Supporting the cosmological fireball model, constraining parameters, and making predictions
• The prompt energy release of gamma-ray bursts using a cosmological k-correction
• Swift observations of GRB 070110: an extraordinary X-ray afterglow powered by the central engine
• A new population of ultra-long duration gamma-ray bursts
• High Resolution Calculations of Merging Neutron Stars III: Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Testing the standard fireball model of GRBs using late X-ray afterglows measured by Swift
• Model-Independent Multi-Variable Gamma-Ray Burst Luminosity Indicator and Its Possible Cosmological Implications
• Overall Evolution of Jetted Gamma-ray Burst Ejecta
• The Millisecond Magnetar Central Engine in short GRBs
• Short GRBs with Extended Emission from Magnetar Birth: Jet Formation and Collimation
• A Generic Dynamical Model of Gamma-ray Burst Remnants
• The unusual X-ray emission of the short Swift GRB 090515: Evidence for the formation of a magnetar?
• Short vs Long and Collapsars vs. non-Collapsar: a quantitative classification of GRBs
• Hydrodynamics of Relativistic Fireballs
• A time - luminosity correlation for Gamma Ray Bursts in the X - rays
• Constraining ${\Omega }_M$ and Dark Energy with Gamma-Ray Bursts
• The Fermi GBM Gamma-Ray Burst Spectral Catalog: The First Two Years
• A test of the millisecond magnetar central engine model of GRBs with Swift data
• Short versus Long Gamma-Ray Bursts: spectra, energetics, and luminosities
• The X-ray afterglow flat segment in short GRB 051221A: Energy injection from a millisecond magnetar?
• Magnetized Relativistic Jets and Long-Duration GRBs from Magnetar Spindown during Core-Collapse Supernovae
• GRB Afterglows with Energy Injection from a spinning down NS
• Constraints on binary neutron star merger product from short GRB observations
• Hyper-accreting black hole as GRB central engine. I: Baryon loading in GRB jets
• Gamma Ray Bursts as standard candles to constrain the cosmological parameters
• Nuclear Equation of State from Observations of Short Gamma-Ray Burst Remnants
• A Comprehensive Study of Gamma-Ray Burst Optical Emission: I. Flares and Early Shallow Decay Component
• Discovery of a tight correlation for gamma ray burst afterglows with `canonical' light curves
• A statistical study of gamma-ray burst afterglows measured by the Swift Ultra-violet Optical Telescope
• Constraining properties of GRB magnetar central engines using the observed plateau luminosity and duration correlation
• Can magnetar spin-down power extended emission in some short GRBs?
• Structure and Luminosity of Neutrino-cooled Accretion Disks
• Gamma-Ray Burst Hubble Diagram to z=4.5
• Discovery of the broad-lined Type Ic SN 2013cq associated with the very energetic GRB 130427A
• Neutrino-Dominated Accretion Models for Gamma-Ray Bursts: Effects of General Relativity and Neutrino Opacity
• Relativistic Wind Bubbles and Afterglow Signatures
• Effects of Fall-Back Accretion on Proto-Magnetar Outflows in Gamma-Ray Bursts and Superluminous Supernovae
• Magnetically driven winds from differentially rotating neutron stars and X-ray afterglows of short gamma-ray bursts
• Gamma-ray Burst Cosmology
• A fundamental plane for long gamma-ray bursts with X-ray plateaus
• Comprehensive study of the X-ray flares from gamma-ray bursts observed by Swift
• Internal X-ray plateau in short GRBs: Signature of supramassive fast-rotating quark stars?
• Instabilities in the time-dependent neutrino disc in Gamma-Ray Bursts
• A New Paradigm for Gamma Ray Bursts: Long Term Accretion Rate Modulation by an External Accretion Disk
• The afterglow of gamma ray bursts II: the cases of GRB 970228 and GRB 970508
• Magnetically Torqued Neutrino-Dominated Accretion Flows for Gamma-ray Bursts
• Constraining the GRB-magnetar model by means of the Galactic pulsar population
• A Study of the Gamma-Ray Burst Fundamental Plane
• The updated luminosity correlations of gamma-ray bursts and cosmological implications
• Constraining the Type of Central Engine of GRBs with Swift Data
• Hyperaccreting Black Hole as Gamma-Ray Burst Central Engine. II. Temporal evolution of central engine parameters during Prompt and Afterglow Phases
• Jet Luminosity of Gamma-ray Bursts: Blandford-Znajek Mechanism v.s. Neutrino Annihilation Process
• Constraining the Cosmological Parameters and Transition Redshift with Gamma-Ray Bursts and Supernovae
• Fall-Back Disks in Long and Short GRBs
• Three dimensional evolution of differentially rotating magnetized neutron stars
• Constraints on millisecond magnetars as the engines of prompt emission in gamma-ray bursts
• A new three-parameter correlation for gamma-ray bursts with a plateau phase in the afterglow
• Supplement: Localization and broadband follow-up of the gravitational-wave transient GW150914
• The spectral-temporal properties of the prompt pulses and rapid decay phase of GRBs
• A Tight $L_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{iso}}-E_{\mathrm{p}}^{\prime }-{\Gamma }_0$ Correlation of Gamma-Ray Bursts
• X-ray afterglows from gamma-ray bursts
• Signature of a New-Born Black Hole from the Collapse of a Supra-massive Millisecond Magnetar
• A correlation between intrinsic brightness and average decay rate of Swift UVOT GRB optical/UV light curves
• The shallow decay segment of GRB X-ray afterglow revisited
• Electromagnetic Emission from newly-born Magnetar Spin-Down by Gravitational-Wave and Magnetic Dipole Radiations
• A comprehensive statistical study on gamma-ray bursts
• The three-parameter correlations about optical plateaus of gamma-ray bursts
• Imprints of Electron-positron Winds on the Multi-wavelength Afterglows of Gamma-ray Bursts
• What can we learn from "internal plateaus"? The peculiar afterglow of GRB 070110
• Cosmological Constraints from calibrated Yonetoku and Amati relation implies Fundamental plane of Gamma-ray bursts
• X-ray light curve in GRB 170714A: evidence for quark star?
• On the Correlation of Low-energy Spectral Indices and Redshifts of Gamma-ray Bursts
• X-Ray Afterglow Plateaus of Long Gamma-Ray Bursts: Further Evidence for Millisecond Magnetars
• Radio Afterglows of Gamma Ray Bursts

Cited by in corpus (50)

• Challenges for $\Lambda$CDM: An update
• On Larger $H_0$ Values in the CMB Dipole Direction
• Do gamma-ray burst measurements provide a useful test of cosmological models?
• X-ray Plateaus in Gamma Ray Bursts' light-curves from jets viewed slightly off-axis
• Hubble tension or a transition of the Cepheid SnIa calibrator parameters?
• Optical and X-ray GRB Fundamental Planes as Cosmological Distance Indicators
• The Gamma-ray Bursts fundamental plane correlation as a cosmological tool
• Standardized long gamma-ray bursts as a cosmic distance indicator
• Measuring cosmological parameters with a luminosity-time correlation of gamma-ray bursts
• Gamma-Ray Bursts, Quasars, Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations, and Supernovae Ia: new statistical insights and cosmological constraints
• Tracing dark energy history with gamma ray bursts
• High latitude emission from structured jet of Gamma-Ray Bursts observed off-axis
• X-ray Plateaus in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows and Their Application in Cosmology
• Closure relations during the plateau emission of Swift GRBs and the fundamental plane
• $E_{\mathrm{iso}}$-$E_{\mathrm{p}}$ correlation of gamma ray bursts: calibration and cosmological applications
• Statistical study of gamma-ray bursts with jet break feature in multi-wavelength afterglow emissions
• Statistical analyses on the energies of X-ray plateaus and flares in gamma-ray bursts
• Precessing magnetars as central engines in short gamma-ray bursts
• Pseudo Redshifts of Gamma-Ray Bursts Derived from the L-T-E Correlation
• The Second Plateau in X-ray Afterglow Providing Additional Evidence for Rapidly Spinning Magnetars as the GRB Central Engine
• The curious case of EP241021a: Unraveling the mystery of its exceptional rebrightening
• Properties of Gamma-Ray Bursts Associated with Supernovae and Kilonovae
• Constraints on the cosmological parameters with three-parameter correlation of Gamma-ray bursts
• Constraints from Fermi observations of Long Gamma-Ray Bursts on cosmological parameters
• Giant X-ray and optical Bump in GRBs: evidence for fall-back accretion model
• Less noticeable shallow decay phase in early X-ray afterglows of GeV/TeV-detected gamma-ray bursts
• GRB Redshift Estimation using Machine Learning and the Associated Web-App
• GRB 201015A and the nature of low-luminosity soft gamma-ray bursts
• Combined X-ray and optical analysis to probe the origin of the plateau emission in $\gamma$-ray bursts afterglows
• Standardizing the Gamma-ray burst as a standard candle and applying to the cosmological probes: constraints on the two-component dark energy model
• Evidence for self-organized criticality phenomena in prompt phase of short gamma-ray bursts
• Discovery of a Universal Correlation For Long and Short GRBs and Its Application on the Study of Luminosity Function and Formation Rate
• Multiwavelength observations of GRB 140629A. A long burst with an achromatic jet break in the optical and X-ray afterglow
• Radio-bright vs. Radio-dark Gamma-ray Bursts -- More Evidence for Distinct Progenitors
• How are gamma-ray burst radio afterglows populated?
• To power the X-ray plateaus of gamma-ray bursts through larger amplitude electromagnetic waves
• GRB Timing: Decoding the Hidden Slow Jets in GRB 060729
• Multipolar Electromagnetic Emission of Newborn Magnetar
• Multi-waveform cross-correlation search method for intermediate-duration gravitational waves from gamma-ray bursts
• Deciphering the properties of the central engine in GRB collapsars
• Prospects for Time-Domain and Multi-Messenger Science with eXTP
• Incidence of afterglow plateaus in gamma-ray bursts associated with binary neutron star mergers
• Exploring GRBs and supernovae connection: does a superluminous hypernova population exist?
• GRB X-ray plateaus as evidence that the afterglow begins before the prompt gamma-ray emission
• Multi-Model Framework for Reconstructing Gamma-Ray Burst Light Curves
• Redshift Dependence of the Low-energy Spectral Index of Gamma-Ray Bursts Revisited
• EP241217a: a likely Type II GRB with an achromatic bump at z = 4.59
• Gamma-Ray Bursts, Supernovae Ia and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations: a binned cosmological analysis
• Significant cocoon emission and photosphere duration stretching in GRB 211211A: a burst from a neutron star - black hole merger
• Gamma-Ray Burst Light Curve Reconstruction: A Comparative Machine and Deep Learning Analysis