Shadows of black hole surrounded by anisotropic fluid in Rastall theory

Abstract

Due to the gravitational lensing effect, a black hole casts a shadow larger than its horizon over a bright background, and the shape and size can be calculated. The Event Horizon Telescope collaboration has produced the first direct image (shadow) of the black hole and it is in accordance with the shadow of a Kerr black hole of general relativity. However, deviations from the Kerr black hole arising from modified theories of gravity are not ruled out and they are important as they offer an arena to test these theories through astrophysical observation. This stimulates us to investigate rotating black holes surrounded by anisotropic fluid in Rastall theory namely a rotating Rastall black hole, which is characterized by mass $M$, spin $a$, field structure parameter $N_s$ and the Rastall parameter $\psi$. It encompasses, as special cases, Kerr ($N_s\to 0$) and Kerr-Newman ($s=0$ and $N_s=-Q^2$) black holes. The rotating Rastall black hole is characterized by an additional cosmological-like horizon apart from Cauchy and event horizons. We derive an analytical formula for the shadow of a rotating Rastall black hole and go on to visualize the shadow of black holes for various values of the parameters for an observer at a given coordinate ($r_O,{\theta }_O$) in the domain $[r_{+},r_q]$.

17 pages, 10 figures, and 2 tables. Published in Physics of the Dark Universe

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• Tests of Loop Quantum Gravity from the Event Horizon Telescope Results of Sgr A${}^{\ast }$
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• Investigating Loop Quantum Gravity with EHT Observational Effects of Rotating Black holes
• Shadow and Photon Sphere of Black Hole in Clouds of Strings and Quintessence
• Quasinormal Modes of Non-Linearly Charged Black Holes surrounded by a Cloud of Strings in Rastall Gravity
• Observable characteristics of the charged black hole surrounded by thin disk accretion in Rastall gravity
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• Constraints via the Event Horizon Telescope for Black Hole Solutions with Dark Matter under the Generalized Uncertainty Principle Minimal Length Scale Effect
• Thermodynamics and Optical Properties of Phantom AdS Black Holes in Massive Gravity
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• Qusinormal oscillations and late-time tail of massless scalar perturbations of a magnetized black hole in Rastall gravity
• Non-Singular Collapse Scenario From Matter-Curvature Coupling
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• Lensing Stability and Scattering Phenomena in Anisotropic Black Hole Spacetimes in Plasma
• Light propagation around a Kerr-like black hole immersed in an inhomogeneous anisotropic plasma in Rastall gravity: Analytical solutions to the equations of motion
• Gravitational Collapse of an Inhomogeneous Fluid in Rastall Theory