Strain Engineering a $4a\times \sqrt{3}a$ Charge Density Wave Phase in Transition Metal Dichalcogenide 1T-VSe${}_2$

Abstract

We report a rectangular charge density wave (CDW) phase in strained 1T-VSe${}_2$ thin films synthesized by molecular beam epitaxy on c-sapphire substrates. The observed CDW structure exhibits an unconventional rectangular 4a{\times}{\sqrt{3a}} periodicity, as opposed to the previously reported hexagonal $4a\times 4a$ structure in bulk crystals and exfoliated thin layered samples. Tunneling spectroscopy shows a strong modulation of the local density of states of the same $4a\times \sqrt{3}a$ CDW periodicity and an energy gap of $2{\Delta }_{CDW}=(9.1\pm 0.1)$ meV. The CDW energy gap evolves into a full gap at temperatures below 500 mK, indicating a transition to an insulating phase at ultra-low temperatures. First-principles calculations confirm the stability of both $4a\times 4a$ and $4a\times \sqrt{3}a$ structures arising from soft modes in the phonon dispersion. The unconventional structure becomes preferred in the presence of strain, in agreement with experimental findings.

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