ARC: An open-source library for calculating properties of alkali Rydberg atoms

Abstract

We present an object-oriented Python library for computation of properties of highly-excited Rydberg states of alkali atoms. These include single-body effects such as dipole matrix elements, excited-state lifetimes (radiative and black-body limited) and Stark maps of atoms in external electric fields, as well as two-atom interaction potentials accounting for dipole and quadrupole coupling effects valid at both long and short range for arbitrary placement of the atomic dipoles. The package is cross-referenced to precise measurements of atomic energy levels and features extensive documentation to facilitate rapid upgrade or expansion by users. This library has direct application in the field of quantum information and quantum optics which exploit the strong Rydberg dipolar interactions for two-qubit gates, robust atom-light interfaces and simulating quantum many-body physics, as well as the field of metrology using Rydberg atoms as precise microwave electrometers.

15 pages, 7 figures, code and documentation available online (see Ref. [18] and Ref. [21] for more details)

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• Quasiclassical calculations of BBR-induced depopulation rates and effective lifetimes of Rydberg nS, nP and nD alkali-metal atoms with n < 80
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• Tutorial: Calculation of Rydberg interaction potentials
• Relativistic many-body calculations of electric-dipole matrix elements, lifetimes and polarizabilities in rubidium
• Strongly correlated growth of Rydberg aggregates in a vapor cell
• ElecSus: A program to calculate the electric susceptibility of an atomic ensemble
• Quantum magnetism and topological ordering via enhanced Rydberg-dressing near Förster-resonances
• All-optical quantum information processing using Rydberg gates
• Microwave dressing of Rydberg dark states
• Ultracold atom-electron interaction: from two to many-body physics
• Collimated blue light generated by four-wave mixing in Rb vapour
• Out-of-equilibrium structures in strongly interacting Rydberg gases with dissipation
• Many-body theory of excitation dynamics in an ultracold Rydberg gas
• Measurement of absolute transition frequencies of 87Rb to nS and nD Rydberg states by means of electromagnetically induced transparency
• Observation of the Stark-tuned Forster resonance between two Rydberg atoms
• Rydberg blockade, Förster resonances, and quantum state measurements with different atomic species
• Measurement of the Angular Dependence of the Dipole-Dipole Interaction Between Two Individual Rydberg Atoms at a Förster Resonance
• Antiferromagnetic long-range order in dissipative Rydberg lattices
• Precision measurement of the ionization energy of Cs I
• Driven-dissipative many-body systems with mixed power-law interactions: Bistabilities and temperature-driven non-equilibrium phase transitions
• Non-linear optics using cold Rydberg atoms
• Directional infrared emission resulting from cascade population inversion and four-wave mixing in Rb vapours
• Microwave control of Rydberg atom interactions
• Observation of dipole-quadrupole interaction in an ultracold gas of Rydberg atoms
• Determination of the Rb ng-series quantum defect by electric-field-induced resonant energy transfer between cold Rydberg atoms
• Magic wavelengths for the $5s-18s$ transition in rubidium
• Dressed-state electromagnetically induced transparency for light storage in uniform phase spin-waves
• Fast and Quasideterministic Single Ion Source from a Dipole-Blockaded Atomic Ensemble
• Observation of interference effects via four photon excitation of highly excited Rydberg states in thermal cesium vapor
• Quantum mechanical calculation of Rydberg-Rydberg autoionization rates
• The Software Atom

Cited by in corpus (202)

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• Rydberg atom quantum technologies
• Quantum simulation and computing with Rydberg-interacting qubits
• Waveguide-coupled Rydberg spectrum analyzer from 0 to 20 GHz
• A concise review of Rydberg atom based quantum computation and quantum simulation
• Assessment of Rydberg Atoms for Wideband Electric Field Sensing
• Quantum-Limited Atomic Receiver in the Electrically Small Regime
• Enhanced metrology at the critical point of a many-body Rydberg atomic system
• The credibility of Rydberg atom based digital communication over a continuously tunable radio-frequency carrier
• Three-dimensional trapping of individual Rydberg atoms in ponderomotive bottle beam traps
• Ultra-high-speed Terahertz Imaging Using Atomic Vapour
• Transverse-Field Ising Dynamics in a Rydberg-Dressed Atomic Gas
• One decade of quantum optimal control in the chopped random basis
• Ultrafast energy exchange between two single Rydberg atoms on the nanosecond timescale
• Deep learning enhanced Rydberg multifrequency microwave recognition
• Continuous-frequency weak electric field measurement with Rydberg atoms
• Highly sensitive measurement of a megahertz rf electric field with a Rydberg-atom sensor
• ARC 3.0: An expanded Python toolbox for atomic physics calculations
• High efficiency coherent microwave-to-optics conversion via off-resonant scattering
• 'Free-Space' Photonic Quantum Link and Chiral Quantum Optics
• Quantum logic and entanglement by neutral Rydberg atoms: methods and fidelity
• Glassy dynamics in a disordered Heisenberg quantum spin system
• Quantum gas microscopy of Rydberg macrodimers
• Accurate mapping of multilevel Rydberg atoms on interacting spin-$1/2$ particles for the quantum simulation of Ising models
• Spin Squeezing by Rydberg Dressing in an Array of Atomic Ensembles
• On-demand indistinguishable single photons from an efficient and pure source based on a Rydberg ensemble
• Asymmetric blockade and multi-qubit gates via dipole-dipole interactions
• Demonstration of a Quantum Gate using Electromagnetically Induced Transparency
• ElecSus: Extension to arbitrary geometry magneto-optics
• Rydberg superatoms: An artificial quantum system for quantum information processing and quantum optics
• Phase diagram and self-organising dynamics in a strongly-interacting thermal Rydberg ensemble
• Solving correlation clustering with QAOA and a Rydberg qudit system: a full-stack approach
• Emergence of synchronisation in a driven-dissipative hot Rydberg vapor
• Monitoring Quantum Simulators via Quantum Non-Demolition Couplings to Atomic Clock Qubits
• Fast, Accurate, and Realizable Two-Qubit Entangling Gates by Quantum Interference in Detuned Rabi Cycles of Rydberg Atoms
• The interplay between thermal Rydberg gases and plasmas
• Enriching the quantum toolbox of ultracold molecules with Rydberg atoms
• Observation of Interactions between Trapped Ions and Ultracold Rydberg Atoms
• Quantum Feature Maps for Graph Machine Learning on a Neutral Atom Quantum Processor
• Optimal State Choice for Rydberg Atom Microwave Sensors
• Construction of Fractal Order and Phase Transition with Rydberg Atoms
• Observation of Rydberg blockade due to the charge-dipole interaction between an atom and a polar molecule
• The Robustness of a Collectively Encoded Rydberg Qubit
• Sensitivity Comparison of Two-photon vs Three-photon Rydberg Electrometry
• Modeling Line Broadening and Distortion Due to Spatially Non-Uniform Fields in Rydberg Electrometry
• Single temporal-pulse-modulated parameterized controlled-phase gate for Rydberg atoms
• Number Partitioning with Grover's Algorithm in Central Spin Systems
• Measurement of the atom-surface van der Waals interaction by transmission spectroscopy in a wedged nano-cell
• Very-high- and ultrahigh- frequency electric field detection using high angular momentum Rydberg states
• Ultrafast creation of overlapping Rydberg electrons in an atomic BEC and Mott-insulator lattice
• Zeeman-resolved Autler-Townes splitting in Rydberg atoms with tunable resonances and a single transition dipole moment
• Rydberg excitation of cold atoms inside a hollow core fiber
• High-Sensitive Microwave Electrometry with Enhanced Instantaneous Bandwidth
• Satellite radio detection via dual-microwave Rydberg spectroscopy
• Black-body radiation induced facilitated excitation of Rydberg atoms in optical tweezers
• Rydberg Aggregates
• High-rate quantum LDPC codes for long-range-connected neutral atom registers
• Dipole-dipole interaction driven antiblockade of two Rydberg atoms
• Precision measurement of the ionization energy and quantum defects of 39K I
• RydIQule: A Graph-based Paradigm for Modelling Rydberg and Atomic Systems
• Coherent ground-state transport of neutral atoms
• Single-Photon Rydberg Excitation and Trap-Loss Spectroscopy of Cold Cesium Atoms in a Magneto-Optical Trap by Using of a 319-nm Ultra-Violet Laser System
• Measurements of individual and ensemble lifetimes of high-lying Rb Rydberg states
• Demonstration of weighted graph optimization on a Rydberg atom array using local light-shifts
• Simultaneous multi-band radio-frequency detection using high-orbital-angular-momentum states in a Rydberg-atom receiver
• Epidemic growth and Griffiths effects on an emergent network of excited atoms
• Ion Imaging via Long-Range Interaction with Rydberg Atoms
• Collimated UV light generation by two-photon excitation to a Rydberg state in Rb vapor
• A practical guide to Terahertz imaging using thermal atomic vapour
• Ultrafast Many-Body Dynamics in an Ultracold Rydberg-Excited Atomic Mott Insulator
• Quantum Optics with Rydberg Superatoms
• Real-time detection of Rydberg state dynamics of cold atoms using an optical cavity
• High-Fidelity, Low-Loss State Detection of Alkali-Metal Atoms in Optical Tweezer Traps
• Assembled arrays of Rydberg-interacting atoms
• Rydberg-atom-based single-photon detection for haloscope axion searches
• Transition Slow-Down by Rydberg Interaction of Neutral Atoms and a Fast Controlled-NOT Quantum Gate
• Solving optimization problems with local light shift encoding on Rydberg quantum annealers
• Primary quantum thermometry of mm-wave blackbody radiation via induced state transfer in Rydberg states of cold atoms
• An isotropic antenna based on Rydberg atoms
• Investigation of fluorescence versus transmission readout for three-photon Rydberg excitation used in electrometry
• Uncovering Emergent Spacetime Supersymmetry with Rydberg Atom Arrays
• Proposal for simulating quantum spin models with the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction using Rydberg atoms and the construction of asymptotic quantum many-body scar states
• Strong Spin-Motion Coupling in the Ultrafast Dynamics of Rydberg Atoms
• Quantum Phases from Competing Van der Waals and Dipole-Dipole Interactions of Rydberg Atoms
• Detection of HF and VHF Fields through Floquet Sideband Gaps by `Rabi Matching' Dressed Rydberg Atoms
• Microscopic electronic structure tomography of Rydberg macrodimers
• Intra-Cavity Frequency-Doubled VECSEL System for Narrow Linewidth Rydberg EIT Spectroscopy
• Fast measurements and multiqubit gates in dual species atomic arrays
• Confined Meson Excitations in Rydberg-Atom Arrays Coupled to a Cavity Field
• Controlling Stray Electric Fields on an Atom Chip for Rydberg Experiments
• Entangling quantum logic gates in neutral atoms via the microwave-driven spin-flip blockade
• Quantum simulation of the central spin model with a Rydberg atom and polar molecules in optical tweezers
• Measurements of blackbody radiation-induced transition rates between high-lying S, P and D Rydberg levels
• From coherent collective excitation to Rydberg blockade on an atom chip
• Transient Density-Induced Dipolar Interactions in a Thin Vapor Cell
• Continuous broadband Rydberg receiver using AC Stark shifts and Floquet States
• Optically-biased Rydberg microwave receiver enabled by hybrid nonlinear interferometry
• Dissipative quantum state preparation and metastability in two-photon micromasers
• Interspecies Förster resonances of Rb-Cs Rydberg $d$-states for enhanced multi-qubit gate fidelities
• Towards implementation of a magic optical-dipole trap for confining ground-state and Rydberg-state cesium cold atoms
• Low-drift Zeeman shifted atomic frequency reference
• Rydberg Macrodimers: Diatomic molecules on the micrometer scale
• Precision millimetre-wave spectroscopy and calculation of the Stark manifolds in high Rydberg states of para-H${}_2$
• Rydberg atom-enabled spectroscopy of polar molecules via Förster resonance energy transfer
• Parallel implementation of CNOT${}^N$ and C${}_2$NOT${}^2$ gates via homonuclear and heteronuclear Förster interactions of Rydberg atoms
• Avalanche terahertz photon detection in a Rydberg tweezer array
• Reducing Rydberg state dc polarizability by microwave dressing
• A Rydberg atom based system for benchmarking mmWave automotive radar chips
• Controlled dissipation for Rydberg atom experiments
• Inverse Transform Sampling for Efficient Doppler-Averaged Spectroscopy Simulations
• EIT spectroscopy of high-lying Rydberg states in ${}^{39}K$
• Individual assembly of two-species Rydberg molecules using optical tweezers
• Rapid readout of terahertz orbital angular momentum beams using atom-based imaging
• Determining angle of arrival of radio frequency fields using subwavelength, amplitude-only measurements of standing waves in a Rydberg atom sensor
• High angular momentum coupling for enhanced Rydberg-atom sensing in the VHF band
• Experimental demonstration of switching entangled photons based on the Rydberg blockade effect
• Observation of effects due to an atom's electric quadrupole polarizability
• Ultra precise determination of Cs($n{S}_{1/2}$) and Cs($n{D}_J$) quantum defects for sensing and computing: Evaluation of core contributions
• Experimental Demonstration of Stationary Dark-State Polaritons Dressed by Dipole-Dipole Interaction
• Floquet Hamiltonian Engineering of an Isolated Many-Body Spin System
• Generation of complete graph states in a spin-$1/2$ Heisenberg chain with a globally optimized magnetic field
• Interplay between van der Waals and dipole-dipole interactions among Rydberg atoms
• Simulation of a feedback-based algorithm for quantum optimization for a realistic neutral atom system with an optimized small-angle controlled-phase gate
• AC polarizability and photoionization cross-section measurements in an optical lattice
• Bright and dark Autler-Townes states in the atomic Rydberg multilevel spectroscopy
• Efficient generation of multiqubit entanglement states using rapid adiabatic passage
• Microwave-to-optical conversion in a room-temperature ${}^{87}$Rb vapor with frequency-division multiplexing control
• Simulating Quantum Mechanics with a $\theta$-term and an 't Hooft Anomaly on a Synthetic Dimension
• Realizing the Frenkel-Kontorova model with Rydberg-dressed atoms
• Electric-field metrology of a terahertz frequency comb using Rydberg atoms
• Implementing transferable annealing protocols for combinatorial optimisation on neutral atom quantum processors: a case study on smart-charging of electric vehicles
• Fractional quantum anomalous Hall phase for Raman superarray of Rydberg atoms
• Topological photon pumping in quantum optical systems
• Near-unity indistinguishability of single photons emitted from dissimilar and independent atomic quantum nodes
• Quantum Optimization on Rydberg Atom Arrays with Arbitrary Connectivity: Gadgets Limitations and a Heuristic Approach
• Extended Bose-Hubbard models with Rydberg macrodimer dressing
• Molecular machines for quantum error correction
• Pulsed-pump phosphorus-doped fiber Raman amplifier around 1260 nm for applications in quantum non-linear optics
• Continuously tunable single-photon level nonlinearity with Rydberg state wave-function engineering
• Maximally entangled Rydberg-atom pairs via Landau-Zener sweeps
• Transport on flexible Rydberg aggregates using circular states
• Rydberg level shift due to the electric field generated by Rydberg atom collision induced ionization in cesium atomic ensemble
• Determination of Quantum Defects and Core Polarizability of Atomic Cesium via Terahertz and Radio-Frequency Spectroscopy in Thermal Vapor
• Strong zero-field Förster resonances in K-Rb Rydberg systems
• Strong coupling and active cooling in a finite temperature hybrid atom-cavity system
• Rydberg atom arrays as quantum simulators for molecular dynamics
• Deep Learning for Low-Latency, Quantum-Ready RF Sensing
• Increasing decoherence rate of Rydberg polaritons due to accumulating dark Rydberg atoms
• Holonomic swap and controlled-swap gates of neutral atoms via selective Rydberg pumping
• Multipolar Fermi-surface deformation in a Rydberg-dressed Fermi gas with long-range anisotropic interactions
• Unravelling the Structures in the van der Waals Interactions of Alkali Rydberg Atoms
• Induced THz transitions in Rydberg caesium atoms for application in antihydrogen experiments
• Shock wave generation and propagation in dissipative and nonlocal nonlinear Rydberg media
• Interaction-enhanced transmission imaging with Rydberg atoms
• Simulation of chiral motion of excitation within the ground-state manifolds of neutral atoms
• Microwave control of collective quantum jump statistics of a dissipative Rydberg gas
• Mitigating noise of residual electric fields for single Rydberg atoms with electron photodesorption
• Gauge effects in bound-bound Rydberg-transition matrix elements
• Retardation effect and dark state in a waveguide QED setup with rectangle cross section
• Engineering artificial atomic systems of giant electric dipole moment
• Precision measurement of Cs($n{F}_J$) quantum defects and calculations of scalar and tensor polarizabilities of the $n{S}_{1/2}$, $n{P}_J$ ,$n{D}_J$ , and $n{F}_J$ series
• Imaging a chain of strongly correlated Rydberg excitations enabled by Förster-resonance-enhanced interaction
• Modulation transfer protocol for Rydberg RF receivers
• Doppler-Enhanced Quantum Magnetometry with thermal Rydberg atoms
• Extended Rydberg Lifetimes in a Cryogenic Atom Array
• Generation of quantum phases of matter and finding a maximum-weight independent set of unit-disk graphs using Rydberg atoms
• Autoionization-enhanced Rydberg dressing by fast contaminant removal
• Inertial geometric quantum logic gates
• Cooling neutral atoms into maximal entanglement in the Rydberg blockade regime
• Time-Optimal Two- and Three-Qubit Gates for Rydberg Atoms
• Doppler-free Rydberg Spectroscopy in Warm Vapor
• Atomic and molecular systems for radiation thermometry
• Continuous-wave quantum light control via engineered Rydberg-induced dephasing
• Rydberg-atom manipulation through strong interaction with free electrons
• Graph Coloring via Quantum Optimization on a Rydberg-Qudit Atom Array
• Three-level rate equations in cold, disordered Rydberg gases
• Gravitational Wave Effects on Radio Spectral Lines of Atomic Hydrogen: Hyperfine Splitting and Broadening Mechanisms
• Quantum science with arrays of metastable helium-3 atoms
• Autler-Townes spectroscopy of a Rydberg ladder
• Scalable Heteronuclear Architecture of Neutral Atoms Based on EIT
• Detection of twisted radiowaves with Rydberg atoms
• High-fidelity multiqubit Rydberg gates via two-photon adiabatic rapid passage
• Static dc electric field orientation effects on two-photon Rydberg EIT
• Role of mechanical effects on the excitation spectra of microwave-dressed Rydberg states in a cold atomic cloud
• Sensitivity improvement of Rydberg atom-based microwave sensing via electromagnetically induced transparency
• EIT Spectroscopy of Rydberg Levels Dressed by Linearly Polarized RF fields: Complementary Angular Response for Two Types of Transition Ladders
• Quantum optimal control of the Dicke manifold in dipolar Rydberg atom arrays
• Quantum criticality and factorization in a constrained Rydberg spin chain
• A quantum wire approach to weighted combinatorial graph optimisation problems
• Quantifying the impact of state mixing on the Rydberg excitation blockade
• Spin-orbit-dependent lifetimes of long-range Rydberg molecules
• Distinct many-body scars and emergent quantum phases driven by competing interactions in two-species Rydberg arrays
• Engineering the non-Hermitian Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model with skin effects in Rydberg atom arrays
• Ionization of Rydberg atoms embedded in Ultracold Plasma due to electron-atom interaction
• RydIQule Version 2: Enhancing graph-based modeling of Rydberg atoms
• Ultrafast many-body dynamics of dense Rydberg gases and ultracold plasma
• Rydberg atoms for electric field gradiometry
• An Intracavity Rydberg Superatom for Optical Quantum Engineering: Coherent Control, Single-Shot Detection and Optical $\pi$ Phase Shift
• Symmetric $C_Z$ gate for ultracold neutral atoms based on counterdiabatic driving at Rydberg excitation
• The Stark effect in molecular Rydberg states: Calculation of Rydberg-Stark manifolds of H${}_2$ and D${}_2$ including fine and hyperfine structures
• Electric Field Sensing via Rydberg Electromagnetically Induced Transparency Using Zeeman and Stark Effects
• Background-free calibrated electric-field imaging with Rydberg-state fluorescence and Autler-Townes splitting