Theory of Dark Matter Superfluidity

Abstract

We propose a novel theory of dark matter (DM) superfluidity that matches the successes of the LambdaCDM model on cosmological scales while simultaneously reproducing the MOdified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) phenomenology on galactic scales. The DM and MOND components have a common origin, representing different phases of a single underlying substance. DM consists of axion-like particles with mass of order eV and strong self-interactions. The condensate has a polytropic equation of state P~rho^3 giving rise to a superfluid core within galaxies. Instead of behaving as individual collisionless particles, the DM superfluid is more aptly described as collective excitations. Superfluid phonons, in particular, are assumed to be governed by a MOND-like effective action and mediate a MONDian acceleration between baryonic matter particles. Our framework naturally distinguishes between galaxies (where MOND is successful) and galaxy clusters (where MOND is not): due to the higher velocity dispersion in clusters, and correspondingly higher temperature, the DM in clusters is either in a mixture of superfluid and normal phase, or fully in the normal phase. The rich and well-studied physics of superfluidity leads to a number of observational signatures: array of low-density vortices in galaxies, merger dynamics that depend on the infall velocity vs phonon sound speed; distinct mass peaks in bullet-like cluster mergers, corresponding to superfluid and normal components; interference patters in super-critical mergers. Remarkably, the superfluid phonon effective theory is strikingly similar to that of the unitary Fermi gas, which has attracted much excitement in the cold atom community in recent years. The critical temperature for DM superfluidity is of order mK, comparable to known cold atom Bose-Einstein condensates.

44 pages; v2: typos corrected

References in corpus (138)

• A Universal Density Profile from Hierarchical Clustering
• Dark Matter Substructure in Galactic Halos
• Where are the missing galactic satellites?
• A direct empirical proof of the existence of dark matter
• Introducing the Illustris Project: Simulating the coevolution of dark and visible matter in the Universe
• Observational evidence for self-interacting cold dark matter
• Theory of ultracold Fermi gases
• Cold and Fuzzy Dark Matter
• Relativistic gravitation theory for the MOND paradigm
• Too big to fail? The puzzling darkness of massive Milky Way subhaloes
• Universality in Few-body Systems with Large Scattering Length
• Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND): Observational Phenomenology and Relativistic Extensions
• The Baryonic Tully-Fisher Relation
• Cats and Dogs, Hair and A Hero: A Quintet of New Milky Way Companions
• Constraints on the Self-Interaction Cross-Section of Dark Matter from Numerical Simulations of the Merging Galaxy Cluster 1E 0657-5
• The Milky Way's bright satellites as an apparent failure of LCDM
• Modified Newtonian Dynamics as an Alternative to Dark Matter
• Weak lensing mass reconstruction of the interacting cluster 1E0657-558: Direct evidence for the existence of dark matter
• Scalar-Tensor-Vector Gravity Theory
• Subhaloes in Self-Interacting Galactic Dark Matter Haloes
• Can dark matter be a Bose-Einstein condensate?
• The non-gravitational interactions of dark matter in colliding galaxy clusters
• Cosmological Simulations with Self-Interacting Dark Matter II: Halo Shapes vs. Observations
• A Vast Thin Plane of Co-rotating Dwarf Galaxies Orbiting the Andromeda Galaxy
• The Baryonic Tully-Fisher Relation of Galaxies with Extended Rotation Curves and the Stellar Mass of Rotating Galaxies
• Bose-Einstein Condensation of Dark Matter Axions
• The Baryonic Tully-Fisher Relation of Gas Rich Galaxies as a Test of LCDM and MOND
• Hidden Charged Dark Matter
• Late time Cosmological Phase Transition and Galactic Halo as Bose-liquid
• Hundreds of Milky Way Satellites? Luminosity Bias in the Satellite Luminosity Function
• Cores in Dwarf Galaxies from Dark Matter with a Yukawa Potential
• A New Milky Way Companion: Unusual Globular Cluster or Extreme Dwarf Satellite?
• Fluid Dark Matter
• The great disk of Milky-Way satellites and cosmological sub-structures
• General coordinate invariance and conformal invariance in nonrelativistic physics: Unitary Fermi gas
• Repulsive Dark Matter
• The VPOS: a vast polar structure of satellite galaxies, globular clusters and streams around the Milky Way
• Generation of dark-bright soliton trains in superfluid-superfluid counterflow
• Dynamical Friction and the Distribution of Dark Matter in Barred Galaxies
• Strong and weak lensing united III: Measuring the mass distribution of the merging galaxy cluster 1E0657-56
• The Anisotropic Distribution of Galactic Satellites
• Large Scale Structure in Bekenstein's theory of relativistic Modified Newtonian Dynamics
• Do Dark Matter Axions Form a Condensate with Long-Range Correlation?
• The Distribution of Satellite Galaxies: The Great Pancake
• Bimetric MOND gravity
• The speed of the `bullet' in the merging galaxy cluster 1E0657-56
• Clusters of galaxies with modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND)
• A Test of the Collisional Dark Matter Hypothesis from Cluster Lensing
• Field-theoretical formulations of MOND-like gravity
• Angular Momentum and Vortex Formation in Bose-Einstein-Condensed Cold Dark Matter Haloes
• Dwarf Galaxy Planes: the discovery of symmetric structures in the Local Group
• The Invisibles: A Detection Algorithm to Trace the Faintest Milky Way Satellites
• On the Proof of Dark Matter, the Law of Gravity and the Mass of Neutrinos
• Galactic Halos of Fluid Dark Matter
• The rotationally stabilized VPOS and predicted proper motions of the Milky Way satellite galaxies
• A Dark Core in Abell 520
• Late-time Phase transition and the Galactic halo as a Bose Liquid: (II) the Effect of Visible Matter
• A stratified framework for scalar-tensor theories of Modified Dynamics
• Bose-Einstein condensation of dark matter solves the core/cusp problem
• The Three-Dimensional Structure of the M31 Satellite System; Strong Evidence for an Inhomogeneous Distribution of Satellites
• Missing Mass in Collisional Debris from Galaxies
• Dark Sectors and New, Light, Weakly-Coupled Particles
• From Tidal Dwarf Galaxies to Satellite Galaxies
• A tensor-vector-scalar framework for modified dynamics and cosmic dark matter
• Supermassive Black Holes from Ultra-Strongly Self-Interacting Dark Matter
• Tidal dwarf galaxies as a test of fundamental physics
• Cosmic axion thermalization
• Local Group Dwarf Spheroidals: Correlated Deviations from the Baryonic Tully-Fisher Relation
• Evidence of self-interacting cold dark matter from galactic to galaxy cluster scales
• The preferred direction of infalling satellite galaxies in the Local Group
• Structure and Subhalo Population of Halos in a Self-Interacting Dark Matter Cosmology
• Limits on Collisional Dark Matter from Elliptical Galaxies in Clusters
• An extensive study of dynamical friction in dwarf galaxies: the role of stars, dark matter, halo profiles and MOND
• Scattering properties of dark atoms and molecules
• Generalizing TeVeS Cosmology
• The mass distribution of the Fornax dSph: constraints from its globular cluster distribution
• Improving relativistic MOND with Galileon k-mouflage
• Velocity anti-correlation of diametrically opposed galaxy satellites in the low redshift universe
• A top-down scenario for the formation of massive Tidal Dwarf Galaxies
• Andromeda Dwarfs in Light of MOND. II. Testing Prior Predictions
• A thousand shadows of Andromeda: rotating planes of satellites in the Millennium-II cosmological simulation
• The Real Problem with MOND
• The MOND limit from space-time scale invariance
• Dwarf Spheroidals in MOND
• Problems for MOND in Clusters and the Ly-alpha Forest
• Minimum mass of galaxies from BEC or scalar field dark matter
• Dark Matter Superfluidity and Galactic Dynamics
• Gravitational polarization and the phenomenology of MOND
• A Study of the Dark Core in A520 with Hubble Space Telescope: The Mystery Deepens
• The globular cluster NGC 2419: a crucible for theories of gravity
• Model of Dark Matter and Dark Energy Based on Gravitational Polarization
• The Vector-Tensor nature of Bekenstein's relativistic theory of Modified Gravity
• An Alternative to Particle Dark Matter
• Vector field models of modified gravity and the dark sector
• The Link between Galactic Satellite Orbits and Subhalo Accretion
• Nonlocal metric formulations of MOND with sufficient lensing
• Cold Dark Matter with MOND Scaling
• Dipolar Dark Matter and Dark Energy
• Andromeda Dwarfs in Light of MOND
• Testing Modified Newtonian Dynamics with Rotation Curves of Dwarf and Low Surface Brightness Galaxies
• Hubble Space Telescope/Advanced Camera for Surveys Confirmation of the Dark Substructure in A520
• On Dark Peaks and Missing Mass: A Weak Lensing Mass Reconstruction of the Merging Cluster System Abell 520
• MOND and the seven dwarfs
• Dark Matter Substructure Detection Using Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy of Lensed Dusty Galaxies
• Free Form Lensing Implications for the Collision of Dark Matter and Gas in the Frontier Fields Cluster MACSJ0416.1-2403
• TeVeS gets caught on caustics
• Are galaxies extending?
• The formation of shell galaxies similar to NGC 7600 in the cold dark matter cosmogony
• Galaxy merging in MOND
• The abundance of galaxy clusters in MOND: Cosmological simulations with massive neutrinos
• Dark matter as a Bose--Einstein Condensate: the relativistic non-minimally coupled case
• Rotation curves of rotating galactic BEC dark matter halos
• Gravitational collapse of Bose-Einstein condensate dark matter halos
• Non-linear conformally invariant generalization of the Poisson equation to D>2 dimensions
• Low-energy effective field theory for finite-temperature relativistic superfluids
• Cosmological simulations in MOND: the cluster scale halo mass function with light sterile neutrinos
• Marriage à-la-MOND: Baryonic dark matter in galaxy clusters and the cooling flow puzzle
• Extended LCDM: generalized non-minimal coupling for dark matter fluids
• Reconciling MOND and dark matter?
• Ruling Out Bosonic Repulsive Dark Matter in Thermal Equilibrium
• Modified gravity approach based on a preferred time foliation
• Cluster Bulleticity
• A Realistic Cosmology Without Cold Dark Matter
• Interference pattern in the collision of structures in the BEC dark matter model: comparison with fluids
• Dark Matter, Infinite Statistics and Quantum Gravity
• Understanding local Dwarf Spheroidals and their scaling relations under MOdified Newtonian Dynamics
• The Bullet Cluster is not a Cosmological Anomaly
• Implications for dwarf spheroidal mass content from interloper removal
• A census of the expected properties of classical Milky Way dwarfs in Milgromian dynamics
• Reinterpreting MOND: coupling of Einsteinian gravity and spin of cosmic neutrinos?
• Rotation curves in Bose-Einstein Condensate Dark Matter Halos
• MOND and the Galaxies
• Forces in Nonlinear Media
• BEC dark matter can explain collisions of galaxy clusters
• Chance and Chandra (and repulsive dark matter)
• Modified Baryonic Dynamics: two-component cosmological simulations with light sterile neutrinos
• Quantum Gravity and Dark Matter
• Lessons from the Local Group (and beyond) on dark matter

Cited by in corpus (178)

• Ultralight scalars as cosmological dark matter
• A New Era in the Quest for Dark Matter
• Ultra-Light Dark Matter
• Wave Dark Matter
• A new relativistic theory for Modified Newtonian Dynamics
• GW170817 Falsifies Dark Matter Emulators
• From galactic bars to the Hubble tension: weighing up the astrophysical evidence for Milgromian gravity
• The Planes of Satellite Galaxies Problem, Suggested Solutions, and Open Questions
• Shadows of Sgr A${}^{\ast }$ Black Hole Surrounded by Superfluid Dark Matter Halo
• Too Big To Fail in Light of Gaia
• Dark Matter Superfluidity and Galactic Dynamics
• Dynamical Friction in a Fuzzy Dark Matter Universe
• A statistical investigation of the mass discrepancy-acceleration relation
• Dark matters on the scale of galaxies
• Combined Solar System and rotation curve constraints on MOND
• A Covariant Version of Verlinde's Emergent Gravity
• Predictions and Outcomes for the Dynamics of Rotating Galaxies
• Black Hole Hair from Scalar Dark Matter
• Can Light Dark Matter Solve the Core-Cusp Problem?
• Three-Dimensional Shapes of Spinning Helium Nanodroplets
• A general class of gravitational theories as alternatives to dark matter where the speed of gravity always equals the speed of light
• Phenomenological consequences of superfluid dark matter with baryon-phonon coupling
• Vortices and waves in light dark matter
• Gravitational Waves as a New Probe of Bose-Einstein Condensate Dark Matter
• Direct detection of dark matter: a critical review
• The distribution and morphologies of Fornax Cluster dwarf galaxies suggest they lack dark matter
• Mutual Interactions of Phonons, Rotons, and Gravity
• Dark matter spike around Bumblebee black holes
• Strong constraints on the gravitational law from $Gaia$ DR3 wide binaries
• Construction of Wave Dark Matter Halos: Numerical Algorithm and Analytical Constraints
• Another Path for the Emergence of Modified Galactic Dynamics from Dark Matter Superfluidity
• Chiral Gravitational Waves and Baryon Superfluid Dark Matter
• Stellar streams as gravitational experiments II. Asymmetric tails of globular cluster streams
• Slowly-rotating curved acoustic black holes: Quasinormal modes, Hawking-Unruh radiation and quasibound states
• The Effective Theory of Shift-Symmetric Cosmologies
• Motion in time-periodic backgrounds with applications to ultralight dark matter haloes at galactic centers
• Galaxy Clusters in the Context of Superfluid Dark Matter
• Black holes surrounded by Einstein clusters as models of dark matter fluid
• Stellar streams as gravitational experiments I. The case of Sagittarius
• Unified Superfluid Dark Sector
• Observing dynamical friction in galaxy clusters
• Acoustic black holes in curved spacetime and emergence of analogue Minkowski metric
• Three problems about multi-scale modelling in cosmology
• Dynamical Friction in Superfluids
• Deep Learning the Morphology of Dark Matter Substructure
• Emergence of the mass discrepancy-acceleration relation from dark matter-baryon interactions
• Internal kinematics of GAIA DR3 wide binaries: anomalous behaviour in the low acceleration regime
• Symmetric Superfluids
• Self-interacting scalar dark matter around binary black holes
• Recovering P(X) from a canonical complex field
• A Universe Without Dark Energy: Cosmic Acceleration from Dark Matter-Baryon Interactions
• The rotation curve of a point particle in stringy gravity
• Massive and modified gravity as self-gravitating media
• Coherent and incoherent structures in fuzzy dark matter halos
• Quantum Science and the Search for Axion Dark Matter
• Vector Fuzzy Dark Matter, Fifth Forces, and Binary Pulsars
• The Equation of State of Dark Matter Superfluids
• Ultra-diffuse cluster galaxies as key to the MOND cluster conundrum
• Gravitational wave as probe of superfluid dark matter
• Measuring the Small-Scale Matter Power Spectrum with High-Resolution CMB Lensing
• Superfluid Dark Matter around Black Holes
• Probing the radial acceleration relation and the strong equivalence principle with the Coma cluster ultra-diffuse galaxies
• Testing Dark Matter and Modifications to Gravity using Local Milky Way Observables
• Dark Disk Substructure and Superfluid Dark Matter
• Axions: From Magnetars and Neutron Star Mergers to Beam Dumps and BECs
• Radial Acceleration Relation between Baryons and Dark or Phantom Matter in the Super-critical Acceleration Regime of Nearly Spherical Galaxies
• Strongly-Interacting Ultralight Millicharged Particles
• The Milky Way's rotation curve with superfluid dark matter
• The Classical and Loop Quantum Cosmology Phase Space of Interacting Dark Energy and Superfluid Dark Matter
• Dark Matter, Dark Photon and Superfluid He-4 from Effective Field Theory
• Gravitational Decoherence of Dark Matter
• Gravitationally bound BCS state as dark matter
• Fluids, Superfluids and Supersolids: Dynamics and Cosmology of Self Gravitating Media
• Measuring galaxy cluster mass profiles into the low acceleration regime with galaxy kinematics
• Large Distance Modification of Newtonian Potential and Structure Formation in Universe
• Dark matter signatures of black holes with Yukawa potential
• Dark Matter Superfluidity
• Two-Scalar Bose-Einstein Condensates: From Stars to Galaxies
• Condensed dark matter with a Yukawa interaction
• Emergent gravity in galaxies and in the Solar System
• Self-Interacting Superfluid Dark Matter Droplets
• Strong lensing with superfluid dark matter
• Emergent long-range interactions in Bose-Einstein Condensates
• On the geometry outside of acoustic black holes in $2+1$-dimensional spacetime
• Constraints on self-interacting Bose-Einstein condensate dark matter using large-scale observables
• A relativistic acoustic metric for planar black holes
• New Scalar Field Quartessence
• Aether scalar tensor theory confronted with weak lensing data at small accelerations
• Modified Dark Matter: Relating Dark Energy, Dark Matter and Baryonic Matter
• $f\left(R,{\nabla }_{{\mu }_1}R,\dots ,{\nabla }_{{\mu }_1}\dots {\nabla }_{{\mu }_n}R\right)$ theories of gravity in Einstein frame: A higher order modified Starobinsky inflation model in the Palatini approach
• Born-Infeld condensate as a possible origin of neutrino masses and dark energy
• The Redshift-Dependence of Radial Acceleration: Modified Gravity versus Particle Dark Matter
• Dynamical friction in Bose-Einstein condensed self-interacting dark matter at finite temperatures, and the Fornax dwarf spheroidal
• Dark Matter Realism
• Asymmetric condensed dark matter
• Cosmological simulations of self-interacting Bose-Einstein condensate dark matter
• Decoding Dark Matter Substructure without Supervision
• Cosmic Filament Spin from Dark Matter Vortices
• Generalized Logarithmic Equation of State in Classical and Loop Quantum Cosmology Dark Energy-Dark Matter Coupled Systems
• Testing the weak equivalence principle by differential measurements of fundamental constants in the Magellanic Clouds
• Testing Emergent Gravity on Galaxy Cluster Scales
• Quaternion algebra on 4D superfluid quantum space-time. Gravitomagnetism
• Dipolar Dark Matter as an Effective Field Theory
• Dark Lepton Superfluid in Proto-Neutron Stars
• Consequences of the external field effect for MOND disk galaxies in galaxy clusters
• Baryon-Interacting Dark Matter: heating dark matter and the emergence of galaxy scaling relations
• Sedna and the cloud of comets surrounding the Solar System in Milgromian dynamics
• Core Fragmentation in Simplest Superfluid Dark Matter Scenario
• Lopsidedness of self-consistent galaxies by the external field effect of clusters
• Cosmology of the Galileon extension of Bekenstein's theory of relativistic Modified Newtonian Dynamics
• Bose-Einstein condensate dark matter model with three-particle interaction and two-phase structure
• SCALAR: an AMR code to simulate axion-like dark matter models
• Mitigating Foreground Bias to the CMB Lensing Power Spectrum for a CMB-HD Survey
• UV self-completion of a theory of Superfluid Dark Matter
• Galactic Mass-to-Light Ratios With Superfluid Dark Matter
• Testing Modified Dark Matter with Galaxy Clusters: Does Dark Matter know about the Cosmological Constant?
• Dark matter superfluid and DBI dark energy
• Cherenkov radiation from stars constrains hybrid MOND dark matter models
• On Effective Theory of Superfluid Phonons
• Kinetic theory and classical limit for real scalar quantum field in curved space-time
• Correlated Pair Approach to Composite Boson Scattering Lengths
• Seeing dark matter via acceleration radiation
• Finite Temperature Description of an Interacting Bose Gas
• Acausality in Superfluid Dark Matter and MOND-like Theories
• Gauging the spacetime metric -- looking back and forth a century later
• Cosmology in doubly coupled massive gravity: constraints from SNIa, BAO and CMB
• The Challenge to MOND from ultra faint dwarf galaxies
• The Magellanic Clouds are very rare in the IllustrisTNG simulations
• Covariant formulation of refracted gravity
• Three problems of superfluid dark matter and their solution
• Aether scalar tensor theory: Hamiltonian Formalism
• Thermalization, Fragmentation and Tidal Disruption: The Complex Galactic Dynamics of Dark Matter Superfluidity
• Prospects of Probing Dark Matter Condensates with Gravitational Waves
• Superfluid dark matter in tension with weak gravitational lensing data
• Real scalar field, non-relativistic limit, and cosmological expansion
• The MUSE-Faint survey. III. Constraining scalar field dark matter with Antlia B
• The proper motion of stars in dwarf galaxies: distinguishing central density cusps from cores
• Testing Emergent Gravity with Optical, X-ray, and Weak Lensing Measurements in Massive, Relaxed Galaxy Clusters
• Reproducing the asymptotic behaviour of galaxy rotation curves by a novel constraint in general relativity
• The Tully-Fisher's law and Dark Matter effects derived via modified symmetries
• Static structure of chameleon dark Matter as an explanation of dwarf spheroidal galactic core
• Causal Modifications of Gravity and Their Observational Bounds
• Approximate treatment of noncommutative curvature in quartic matrix model
• Dipolar dark matter simulations on galaxy scales with the RAMSES code
• Two-body problem in theories with kinetic screening
• The role of the chemical potential in coupling superfluid dark matter to baryons
• On galaxy rotation curves from a continuum mechanics approach to modified gravity
• Growth of Linear Perturbations in a Universe with Superfluid Dark Matter
• A Critique of Covariant Emergent Gravity
• A scalar field inducing a non-metrical contribution to gravitational acceleration and a compatible add-on to light deflection
• Stealth black holes in Aether Scalar Tensor theory
• Strong lensing constraints on modified gravity models
• Parametric-resonance based phenomenology of gravitating axion configurations
• On Filaments, Prolate Halos and Rotation Curves
• Collapse of spherical overdensities in superfluid models of dark matter
• Could trapped quintessence account for the laser-detuning-dependent acceleration of cold atoms in varying-frequency time-of-flight experiments?
• The Modified Schrodinger Poisson Equation -- Quantum Polytropes
• Distribution of Phantom Dark Matter in Dwarf Spheroidals
• Sudden cosmological singularities in Aether scalar-tensor theories
• A Dark Matter Superfluid
• Vorticity Locking and Pressure Dynamics in Finite-Temperature Superfluid Turbulence
• Quantized Vortices in Superfluid Dark Matter
• Field equation of thermodynamic gravity and galactic rotational curves
• Searching for stochastic background of ultra-light fields with atomic sensors
• Cosmic backgrounds from the radio to the far-infrared: recent results and perspectives from cosmological and astrophysical surveys
• Supplying Dark Energy from Scalar Field Dark Matter
• Macroscopic states in Bose-Einstein condensate dark matter model with axionlike interaction
• $\mathcal{H}$olographic $\mathcal{N}$aturalness and Information See-Saw Mechanism for Neutrinos
• New dynamical features of pure k-essential cosmologies
• Pattern dark matter and galaxy scaling relations
• Testing and Emulating Modified Gravity on Cosmological Scales
• Disk galaxies and their dark halos as self-organized patterns
• Dark Matter Realism: How Referential Semantics Restricts Realism in Contemporary Fundamental Physics
• A topological realization of spin polarization through vortex formation in collisions of Bose-Einstein condensates
• A democratic Cosmos?
• Cosmology with a Non-minimally Coupled Dark Matter Fluid I. Background Evolution
• High precision solutions to quantized vortices within Gross-Pitaevskii equation
• Nonrelativistic superfluids in cosmology from a relativistic approach: Revisiting two formulations of superfluidity