Do Dark Matter Axions Form a Condensate with Long-Range Correlation?

Abstract

Recently there has been significant interest in the claim that dark matter axions gravitationally thermalize and form a Bose-Einstein condensate with cosmologically long-range correlation. This has potential consequences for galactic scale observations. Here we critically examine this claim. We point out that there is an essential difference between the thermalization and formation of a condensate due to repulsive interactions, which can indeed drive long-range order, and that due to attractive interactions, which can lead to localized Bose clumps (stars or solitons) that only exhibit short range correlation. While the difference between repulsion and attraction is not present in the standard collisional Boltzmann equation, we argue that it is essential to the field theory dynamics, and we explain why the latter analysis is appropriate for a condensate. Since the axion is primarily governed by attractive interactions -- gravitation and scalar-scalar contact interactions -- we conclude that while a Bose-Einstein condensate is formed, the claim of long-range correlation is unjustified.

New version matches the version to be published in Physical Review D and includes a clarification about the non-relativistic limit

References in corpus (9)

• Bose-Einstein Condensation of Dark Matter Axions
• Isocurvature bounds on axions revisited
• Axion Dark Matter Detection using Atomic Transitions
• Limiting P-odd interactions of cosmic fields with electrons, protons and neutrons
• Axions: Bose Einstein Condensate or Classical Field?
• Axion Stars in the Infrared Limit
• Far from equilibrium dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensation for Axion Dark Matter
• Probing a QCD String Axion with Precision Cosmological Measurements
• Galaxy Phase-Space Density Data Preclude that Bose-Einstein Condensate be the Total Dark Matter

Cited by in corpus (201)

• Axion Cosmology
• Ultralight scalars as cosmological dark matter
• Testing the nature of dark compact objects: a status report
• Ultra-Light Dark Matter
• Wave Dark Matter
• Gravitational Bose-Einstein condensation in the kinetic regime
• Theory of Dark Matter Superfluidity
• Dilute and dense axion stars
• Contrasting Galaxy Formation from Quantum Wave Dark Matter, $\psi$DM, with $\Lambda$CDM, using Planck and Hubble Data
• Relativistic axions from collapsing Bose stars
• Small-scale structure of fuzzy and axion-like dark matter
• Gravitational probes of dark matter physics
• Dense Axion Stars
• Ultra-Light Dark Matter in Ultra-Faint Dwarf Galaxies
• Jeans Analysis for Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies in Wave Dark Matter
• Boson Stars and Oscillatons: A Review
• Black hole formation from axion stars
• New insights into the formation and growth of boson stars in dark matter halos
• Shadows of boson and Proca stars with thin accretion disks
• Phase transitions between dilute and dense axion stars
• Collapse of a self-gravitating Bose-Einstein condensate with attractive self-interaction
• The Subhalo Mass Function and Ultralight Bosonic Dark Matter
• Dark Matter Axion Clump Resonance of Photons
• Dynamical Friction in a Fuzzy Dark Matter Universe
• Interaction between bosonic dark matter and stars
• Analysis of Dark Matter Axion Clumps with Spherical Symmetry
• Dark matters on the scale of galaxies
• Testing Screened Modified Gravity
• On Longevity of I-ball/Oscillon
• The Lifetime of Axion Stars
• Tidal effects in quantum field theory
• Can Light Dark Matter Solve the Core-Cusp Problem?
• Axion boson stars
• Axion Cosmology with Early Matter Domination
• Enhanced Sensitivity to Ultralight Bosonic Dark Matter in the Spectra of the Linear Radical SrOH
• Relativistic Corrections to Nonrelativistic Effective Field Theories
• Higher-order initial conditions for mixed baryon-CDM simulations
• A predictive model of BEC dark matter halos with a solitonic core and an isothermal atmosphere
• Bose-Einstein-condensed scalar field dark matter and the gravitational wave background from inflation: new cosmological constraints and its detectability by LIGO
• Interference of Dark Matter Solitons and Galactic Offsets
• Gravitational Waves as a New Probe of Bose-Einstein Condensate Dark Matter
• Vortices and waves in light dark matter
• Observational signatures of hot spots orbiting horizonless objects
• Searching for axion stars and Q-balls with a terrestrial magnetometer network
• Instability of rotating Bose stars
• Evading Weinberg's no-go theorem to construct mass dimension one fermions: Constructing darkness
• Self-gravitating Vector Dark Matter
• Relaxation times for Bose-Einstein condensation in axion miniclusters
• Merger of Dark Matter Axion Clumps and Resonant Photon Emission
• Detecting Axion-like Dark Matter with Linearly Polarized Pulsar Light
• Global view of QCD axion stars
• Quantum and Classical Behavior in Interacting Bosonic Systems
• An extensive investigation of the Generalised Dark Matter model
• Collisional interactions between self-interacting non-relativistic boson stars: effective potential analysis and numerical simulations
• Compact bifluid hybrid stars: Hadronic Matter mixed with self-interacting fermionic Asymmetric Dark Matter
• Classicality and Quantum Break-Time for Cosmic Axions
• Don't cross the streams: caustics from Fuzzy Dark Matter
• Axion star collisions with Neutron stars and Fast Radio Bursts
• Moduli Stars
• Collisions of Dark Matter Axion Stars with Astrophysical Sources
• Observation of universal quench dynamics and Townes soliton formation from modulational instability in two-dimensional Bose gases
• Detecting Axion Stars with Radio Telescopes
• Axion Star Nucleation in Dark Minihalos around Primordial Black Holes
• Scalar Dark Matter Clumps with Angular Momentum
• Hydrogen Axion Star: Metallic Hydrogen Bound to a QCD Axion BEC
• Spatial solitons in thermo-optical media from the nonlinear Schrodinger-Poisson equation and dark matter analogues
• On Approximation Methods in the Study of Boson Stars
• Nonrelativistic Effective Field Theory for Axions
• Jeans type instability of a complex self-interacting scalar field in general relativity
• Compact objects as the catalysts for vacuum decays
• Dynamical Friction in fuzzy dark matter: circular orbits
• Schrödinger-Poisson Solitons: Perturbation Theory
• Beyond Schrödinger-Poisson: Nonrelativistic Effective Field Theory for Scalar Dark Matter
• Friendship in the Axiverse: Late-time direct and astrophysical signatures of early-time nonlinear axion dynamics
• Jeans mass-radius relation of self-gravitating Bose-Einstein condensates and typical parameters of the dark matter particle
• Soliton Formation and the Core-Halo Mass Relation: An Eigenstate Perspective
• Natural explanation for 21cm absorption signals via axion-induced cooling
• Coherent and incoherent structures in fuzzy dark matter halos
• Probing Dynamics of Boson Stars by Fast Radio Bursts and Gravitational Wave Detection
• The Equation of State of Dark Matter Superfluids
• Kinetic relaxation and Bose-star formation in multicomponent dark matter- I
• Off-equilibrium infrared structure of self-interacting scalar fields: Universal scaling, Vortex-antivortex superfluid dynamics and Bose-Einstein condensation
• Radio signatures from encounters between Neutron Stars and QCD-Axion Minihalos around Primordial Black Holes
• Probing Relativistic Axions from Transient Astrophysical Sources
• Gravitational effects on oscillon lifetimes
• Modifying PyUltraLight to model scalar dark matter with self-interactions
• Exploring the ultra-light to sub-MeV dark matter window with atomic clocks and co-magnetometers
• Neutrino meets ultralight dark matter: $0\mathbf{\nu \beta \beta }$ decay and cosmology
• Boson stars and their relatives in semiclassical gravity
• Expansion in Higher Harmonics of Boson Stars using a Generalized Ruffini-Bonazzola Approach, Part 1: Bound States
• Axions: From Magnetars and Neutron Star Mergers to Beam Dumps and BECs
• Possible evidence of QCD axion stars in HSC and OGLE microlensing events
• Super-slow phase transition catalyzed by BHs and the birth of baby BHs
• Light majoron cold dark matter from topological defects and the formation of boson stars
• Gravitational Decoherence of Dark Matter
• The Milky Way's rotation curve with superfluid dark matter
• Constraining ultralight bosonic dark matter with Keck observations of S2's orbit and kinematics
• Microlensing constraints on axion stars including finite lens and source size effects
• Kinetic relaxation and nucleation of Bose stars in self-interacting wave dark matter
• Gravitational waves and neutrino oscillations in Chern-Simons axion gravity
• Simulations of multi-field ultralight axion-like dark matter
• Resonant magnetogenesis from axions
• Gravitationally Bound Bose Condensates with Rotation
• Analysis of Bose-Einstein condensation times for self-interacting scalar dark matter
• Dark Matter Superfluidity
• A Quantum Description of Wave Dark Matter
• Self-Interacting Superfluid Dark Matter Droplets
• Self-interactions of ULDM to the rescue?
• Relaxation in a Fuzzy Dark Matter Halo. II. Self-consistent kinetic equations
• Effective theories for a nonrelativistic field in an expanding universe: Induced self-interaction, pressure, sound speed, and viscosity
• Duration of classicality in highly degenerate interacting Bosonic systems
• Gravitational wave probes on self-interacting dark matter surrounding an intermediate mass black hole
• Ultra-light axions and the kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect
• Strong lensing with superfluid dark matter
• Attractive vs. repulsive interactions in the Bose-Einstein condensation dynamics of relativistic field theories
• Resonant instability of axionic dark matter clumps
• Constraints on self-interacting Bose-Einstein condensate dark matter using large-scale observables
• Fundamental Forces and Scalar Field Dynamics in the Early Universe
• Asymmetric condensed dark matter
• Gravitational self-interactions of a degenerate quantum scalar field
• The Milky Way, Coming into Focus: Precision Astrometry Probes its Evolution, and its Dark Matter
• Decoherence from General Relativity
• Diluted Axion Star Collisions with Neutron Stars
• Scalar field dark matter with a cosh potential, revisited
• Quantum tunneling rate of dilute axion stars close to the maximum mass
• Stability of Condensed Fuzzy Dark Matter Halos
• Non-Relativistic Formation of Scalar Clumps as a Candidate for Dark Matter
• Dynamical mechanism for ultra-light scalar Dark Matter
• Core Fragmentation in Simplest Superfluid Dark Matter Scenario
• Bose-Einstein condensate dark matter model with three-particle interaction and two-phase structure
• Direct Detection of Ultralight Dark Matter via Astronomical Ephemeris
• Fuzzy Dark Matter in Relativistic Stars
• Scalar dark matter vortex stabilization with black holes
• Light Dark Matter Annihilation and Scattering in LHC Detectors
• On Effective Theory of Superfluid Phonons
• Squeezing the Axion
• Axion star condensation around primordial black holes and microlensing limits
• Probing Bosonic Stars with Atomic Clocks
• Finite Temperature Description of an Interacting Bose Gas
• Three problems of superfluid dark matter and their solution
• Solitons and halos for self-interacting scalar dark matter
• Thermalization, Fragmentation and Tidal Disruption: The Complex Galactic Dynamics of Dark Matter Superfluidity
• Real scalar field, non-relativistic limit, and cosmological expansion
• Topological mass generation in gapless systems
• On the single classical field description of interacting scalar fields
• A detailed exploration of the EDGES 21 cm absorption anomaly and axion-induced cooling
• Condensate Dynamics with Non-Local Interactions
• On the linear stability of nonrelativistic selfinteracting boson stars
• Stueckelberg Bosons as an Ultralight Dark Matter Candidate
• When quantum corrections alter the predictions of classical field theory for scalar field dark matter
• Nonclassicality of axion-like dark matter through gravitational self-interactions
• Optical Lensing by Axion Stars: Observational Prospects with Radio Astrometry
• Axion as a cold dark matter candidate: Analysis to third order perturbation for classical axion
• Dark Spin-2 Field Solitons as a Source of Electromagnetic Radiation
• The role of the chemical potential in coupling superfluid dark matter to baryons
• Radial oscillations of boson stars made of ultralight repulsive dark matter
• Backreaction of axion coherent oscillations
• Diffuse X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Limits on Boson Stars that Interact with Nuclei
• Gravothermalizing into primordial black holes, boson stars, and cannibal stars
• Axion cosmology with post-Newtonian corrections
• Constraining Ultralight Axions with Galaxy Surveys
• Parametric-resonance based phenomenology of gravitating axion configurations
• On particle scattering in Gross-Pitaevskii theory and implications for dark matter halos
• Duality Between Dirac Fermions in Curved Spacetime and Optical solitons in Non-Linear Schrodinger Model: Magic of $1+1$-Dimensional Bosonization
• Can QCD Axion Stars explain Subaru HSC microlensing?
• Superconducting quantum criticality and the anomalous scaling: A nonlinear relativistic equation
• Formation of solitons and their transitions in scalar-field dark matter models with a non-polynomial self-interaction potential
• The asymmetry and the diurnal variation in axionic dark matter searches
• Stimulated Radiation from Axion Cluster Evolution in Static Spacetimes
• Electromagnetic energy loss of axion stars
• Cosmological perturbations for ultra-light axion-like particles in a state of Bose-Einstein condensate
• Axionlike Dark Matter Model Involving Two-Phase Structure and Two-Particle Composites (Dimers)
• Testing the dark origin of neutrino masses with oscillation experiments
• Axion-like particle searches with MeerKAT and SKA
• Model for the propagation of fermions in a Bose-Einstein condensate
• Quantum Statistical Effects on Warm Dark Matter and the Mass Constraint from the Cosmic Structure at Small Scales
• Axion Structure Formation II: The Wrath of Collapse
• Potential of SKA to Detect CDM ALPs with Radio Astronomy
• Duration of Classicality of an inhomogeneous quantum field with repulsive contact self-interactions
• Bose-Einstein Condensate Dark Matter That Involves Composites
• Energy conservation and axion back-reaction in a magnetic field
• Radiation and energy release in a background field of axion-like dark matter
• Macroscopic states in Bose-Einstein condensate dark matter model with axionlike interaction
• Ultralight Dark Matter from the Edge of Field Space
• A No-Go Theorem for the Mass-Radius Relation of Solitons
• To observe, or not to observe, quantum-coherent dark matter in the Milky Way, that is a question
• Direct detection signatures of a primordial Solar dark matter halo
• Fundamental fields around compact objects: Massive spin-2 fields, Superradiant instabilities and Stars with dark matter cores
• (1+1)-Dimensional Schrödinger-Poisson equation with contact interaction
• Field moment expansion method for interacting Bosonic systems
• Ultralight axion or axion-like particle dark matter and 21-cm absorption signals in new physics
• Nonrelativistic superfluids in cosmology from a relativistic approach: Revisiting two formulations of superfluidity
• Effects of New Forces on Scalar Dark Matter Solitons
• Modulation and diurnal variation in axionic dark matter searches
• Bubble Nucleation from Boson Star Collapse
• Non-relativistic effective theories for fields with general potentials and their implications for cosmology
• Constraints on extended axion structures from the lensing of fast radio bursts
• Tidal disruption of solitons in self-interacting ultralight axion dark matter
• Probing Bosonic Overdensities with Optomechanical Sensing
• Axion halo around a binary system of dwarf stars
• Constraints on Axion Dark Matter by Spin-Dependent Macroscopic Force