Chemical evolution of the Galactic bulge as traced by microlensed dwarf and subgiant stars. V. Evidence for a wide age distribution and a complex MDF

Abstract

Based on high-resolution spectra obtained during gravitational microlensing events we present a detailed elemental abundance analysis of 32 dwarf and subgiant stars in the Galactic bulge. [ABRIDGED], we now have 58 microlensed bulge dwarfs and subgiants that have been homogeneously analysed. The main characteristics of the sample and the findings that can be drawn are: (i) The metallicity distribution (MDF) is wide and spans all metallicities between [Fe/H]=-1.9 to +0.6; (ii) The dip in the MDF around solar metallicity that was apparent in our previous analysis of a smaller sample (26 microlensed stars) is no longer evident; instead it has a complex structure and indications of multiple components are starting to emerge. [ABRIDGED]; (iii) The stars with [Fe/H]<-0.1 are old with ages between 10 and 12 Gyr; (iv) The metal-rich stars with [Fe/H]>-0.1 show a wide variety of ages, ranging from 2 to 12 Gyr with a distribution that has a dominant peak around 4-5 Gyr and a tail towards higher ages; (v) There are indications in the [alpha/Fe] - [Fe/H] that the "knee" occurs around [Fe/H] = -0.3 to -0.2, which is a slightly higher metallicity as compared to the "knee" for the local thick disk. This suggests that the chemical enrichment of the metal-poor bulge has been somewhat faster than what is observed for the local thick disk. The results from the microlensed bulge dwarf stars in combination with other findings in the literature, in particular the evidence that the bulge has cylindrical rotation, indicate that the Milky Way could be an almost pure disk galaxy. The bulge would then just be a conglomerate of the other Galactic stellar populations (thin disk, thick disk, halo, and ...?), residing together in the central parts of the Galaxy, influenced by the Galactic bar.

26 pages, accepted for publication in A&A

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• MOA-bin-29b : A Microlensing Gas Giant Planet Orbiting a Low-mass Host Star
• OGLE-2015-BLG-1670Lb: A Cold Neptune beyond the Snow Line in the Provisional WFIRST Microlensing Survey Field
• OGLE-2011-BLG-0462: An Isolated Stellar-Mass Black Hole Confirmed Using New HST Astrometry and Updated Photometry
• Searching for a kinematic signature of the moderately metal-poor stars in the Milky Way bulge using N-body simulations
• Candidate Brown-dwarf Microlensing Events with Very Short Timescales and Small Angular Einstein Radii
• OGLE-2016-BLG-1266: A Probable Brown-Dwarf/Planet Binary at the Deuterium Fusion Limit
• Four sub-Jovian-mass planets detected by high-cadence microlensing surveys
• The Milky Way Revealed by Variable Stars I: Sample Selection of RR Lyrae stars, and Evidence for the Merger History
• Kmt-2016-blg-1397b: Kmtnet-only discovery of a microlens giant planet
• KMT-2021-BLG-0912Lb: A microlensing super Earth around a K-type star
• KMT-2019-BLG-0371 and the Limits of Bayesian Analysis
• KMT-2021-BLG-0240: Microlensing event with a deformed planetary signal
• KMT-2022-BLG-0440Lb: A New $q<10^{-4}$ Microlensing Planet with the Central-Resonant Caustic Degeneracy Broken
• The background Friedmannian Hubble constant in relativistic inhomogeneous cosmology and the age of the Universe
• OGLE-2013-BLG-0911Lb: A Secondary on the Brown-Dwarf Planet Boundary around an M-dwarf
• KMT-2019-BLG-0797: binary-lensing event occurring on a binary stellar system
• On the detection of CO and mass loss of Bulge OH/IR stars
• KMT-2018-BLG-1990Lb: A Nearby Jovian Planet From A Low-Cadence Microlensing Field
• KMT-2018-BLG-1743: Planetary Microlensing Event Occurring on Two Source Stars
• Impact of distance determinations on Galactic structure. II. Old tracers
• Chemical evolution of the Galactic bulge as traced by microlensed dwarf and subgiant stars. VIII. Carbon and oxygen
• Blanco DECam Bulge Survey (BDBS) V. Cleaning the foreground populations from Galactic bulge colour-magnitude diagrams using Gaia EDR3
• A New Method to Calibrate the Stellar Color/Surface-Brightness Relation
• KMT-2018-BLG-1292: A Super-Jovian Microlens Planet in the Galactic Plane
• OGLE-2014-BLG-0289: Precise Characterization of a Quintuple-Peak Gravitational Microlensing Event
• OGLE-2017-BLG-1130: The First Binary Gravitational Microlens Detected From Spitzer Only
• OGLE-2016-BLG-0693LB: Probing the Brown Dwarf Desert with Microlensing
• OGLE-2012-BLG-0724Lb: A Saturn-mass Planet around an M-dwarf
• OGLE-2018-BLG-1269Lb: A Jovian Planet With A Bright, $I=16$ Host
• Systematic Reanalysis of KMTNet Microlensing Events, Paper II: Two New Planets in Giant-Source Events
• Heavy elements in old very metal-rich stars
• Chemical abundances and ages of the bulge stars in APOGEE high-velocity peaks
• Brown-dwarf companions in microlensing binaries detected during the 2016--2018 seasons
• Determination of robust metallicities for metal-rich red giant branch stars
• A spectroscopic follow-up for Gaia19bld
• Ground-based parallax confirmed by Spitzer: binary microlensing event MOA-2015-BLG-020
• The kinematics of the nebular shells around low mass progenitors of PNe with low metallicity
• Dark lens candidates from Gaia Data Release 3
• KMT-2019-BLG-1339L: an M Dwarf with a Giant Planet or a Companion Near the Planet/Brown Dwarf Boundary
• KMT-2021-BLG-2010Lb, KMT-2022-BLG-0371Lb, and KMT-2022-BLG-1013Lb: Three microlensing planets detected via partially covered signals
• Shortest Microlensing Event with a Bound Planet: KMT-2016-BLG-2605
• Morphologies and Central Stars of Planetary Nebulae in the Galactic bulge from VLT, $\text{HST}$ and Pan-STARRS imaging
• Deciphering the Milky Way disc formation time encrypted in the bar chrono-kinematics
• OGLE-2018-BLG-0799Lb: a $q\sim 2.7\times 10^{-3}$ Planet with Spitzer Parallax
• KMT-2016-BLG-1836Lb: A Super-Jovian Planet From A High-Cadence Microlensing Field
• Science Case and Requirements for the MOSAIC Concept for a Multi-Object Spectrograph for the European Extremely Large Telescope
• OGLE-2017-BLG-0482Lb: A Microlensing Super-Earth Orbiting a Low-mass Host Star
• Systematic KMTNet Planetary Anomaly Search. XII. Complete Sample of 2017 Subprime Field Planets
• MOA-2012-BLG-505Lb: A super-Earth mass planet probably in the Galactic bulge
• Faint source star planetary microlensing: the discovery of the cold gas giant planet OGLE-2014-BLG-0676Lb
• When the Stars Align: A 5 σ Concordance of Planetary Nebulae Major Axes in the Centre of our Galaxy
• A free-floating-planet microlensing event caused by a Saturn-mass object
• KMT-2021-BLG-1122L: The first microlensing triple stellar system
• KMT-2017-BLG-0673Lb and KMT-2019-BLG-0414Lb: Two microlensing planets detected in peripheral fields of KMTNet survey
• An analysis of binary microlensing event OGLE-2015-BLG-0060
• Stellar Populations in a semi-analytic model I: bulges of Milky Way-like galaxies
• MOA-2019-BLG-008Lb: a new microlensing detection of an object at the planet/brown dwarf boundary
• Metallicity Properties of the Galactic Bulge Stars Near and Far: Expectations from the Auriga Simulation
• Precision Pollution - The effects of enrichment yields and timing on galactic chemical evolution
• OGLE-2019-BLG-0304: Competing Interpretations between a Planet-binary Model and a Binary-source + Binary-lens model
• KMT-2022-BLG-2397: Brown Dwarf at the Upper Shore of the Einstein Desert
• Probable brown dwarf companions detected in binary microlensing events during the 2018-2020 seasons of the KMTNet survey
• The multi-zone chemical evolution of the Galactic bulge: predicting abundances for different radial zones
• Mass Production of 2021 KMTNet Microlensing Planets II
• Building Blocks of the Milky Way's Accreted Spheroid
• MOA-2022-BLG-249Lb: Nearby microlensing super-Earth planet detected from high-cadence surveys
• An Earth-mass Planet in a Time of Covid-19: KMT-2020-BLG-0414Lb
• OGLE-2015-BLG-1649Lb: A gas giant planet around a low-mass dwarf
• OGLE-2016-BLG-0156: Microlensing Event With Pronounced Microlens-Parallax Effects Yielding Precise Lens Mass Measurement
• HST pre-imaging of a free-floating planet candidate microlensing event
• KMT-2025-BLG-1616Lb: First Microlensing Bound Planet From DREAMS
• OGLE-2017-BLG-1434Lb: Confirmation of a Cold Super-Earth using Keck Adaptive Optics
• Determining the Absolute Magnitudes of Galactic-Bulge Red Clump Giants in the Z and Y Filters of the Vista Sky Surveys and the IRAC Filters of the Spitzer Sky Surveys
• The disc origin of the Milky Way bulge: On the high velocity dispersion of metal-rich stars at low latitude
• Modelling the chemical evolution of the Milky Way
• OGLE-2014-BLG-0319: A Sub-Jupiter-Mass Planetary Event Encountered Degeneracy with Different Mass Ratios and Lens-Source Relative Proper Motions
• Rediscovering the Milky Way with orbit superposition approach and APOGEE data III. Panoramic view of the bulge
• The Spheroidal Bulge of the Milky Way: Chemodynamically Distinct from the Inner-Thick Disc and Bar
• Chemical evolution of the bulge of M31: predictions about abundance ratios
• Galactic Orbits of Hipparcos Stars: Classification of Stars
• New Giant Planet beyond the Snow Line for an Extended MOA Exoplanet Microlens Sample
• KMT-2021-BLG-1150Lb: Microlensing planet detected through a densely covered planetary-caustic signal
• Gaia20fnr: A binary-lens microlensing event with full orbital motion revealed by four space telescopes
• Large-Scale Surveys of Pulsating Stars for Studying Stellar Populations in the Inner Galaxy
• Characterizing microlensing planetary system OGLE-2014-BLG-0676Lb with adaptive optics imaging
• The Radial Velocity of OGLE-2015-BLG-0966S
• KMT-2025-BLG-1314 and KMT-2025-BLG-1392: two microlensing planetary/brown-dwarf candidates analyzed with differentiable code
• KMT-2018-BLG-1988Lb: microlensing super-Earth orbiting a low-mass disk dwarf
• Blanco DECam Bulge Survey (BDBS) IV: Metallicity Distributions and Bulge Structure from 2.6 Million Red Clump Stars
• The age and abundance structure of the stellar populations in the central sub-kpc of the Milky Way
• An Isolated Stellar-Mass Black Hole Detected Through Astrometric Microlensing
• LensNet: Enhancing Real-time Microlensing Event Discovery with Recurrent Neural Networks in the Korea Microlensing Telescope Network
• OGLE-2019-BLG-0468Lb,c: two microlensing giant planets around a G-type star
• KMT-2021-BLG-0322: Severe degeneracy between triple-lens and higher-order binary-lens interpretations
• Sulfur abundances in the Galactic bulge and disk
• Three faint-source microlensing planets detected via resonant-caustic channel
• The COMBS Survey -- III. The Chemodynamical Origins of Metal-Poor Bulge Stars