An Open-System Quantum Simulator with Trapped Ions

Abstract

The control of quantum systems is of fundamental scientific interest and promises powerful applications and technologies. Impressive progress has been achieved in isolating the systems from the environment and coherently controlling their dynamics, as demonstrated by the creation and manipulation of entanglement in various physical systems. However, for open quantum systems, engineering the dynamics of many particles by a controlled coupling to an environment remains largely unexplored. Here we report the first realization of a toolbox for simulating an open quantum system with up to five qubits. Using a quantum computing architecture with trapped ions, we combine multi-qubit gates with optical pumping to implement coherent operations and dissipative processes. We illustrate this engineering by the dissipative preparation of entangled states, the simulation of coherent many-body spin interactions and the quantum non-demolition measurement of multi-qubit observables. By adding controlled dissipation to coherent operations, this work offers novel prospects for open-system quantum simulation and computation.

Pre-review submission to Nature. For an updated and final version see publication. Manuscript + Supplementary Information

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• Quantum simulation of many-body spin interactions with ultracold polar molecules
• Emergence of steady quantum transport in a superconducting processor
• Symmetrizing quantum dynamics beyond gossip-type algorithms
• Variational Quantum Algorithms for Steady States of Open Quantum Systems
• An exactly solvable dissipative spin liquid
• Dissipative remote-state preparation in an interacting medium
• Dissipative Preparation of Antiferromagnetic Order in the Fermi-Hubbard Model
• Individual Addressing in Quantum Computation through Spatial Refocusing
• Solvable BCS-Hubbard Liouvillians in arbitrary dimensions
• Dissipative Bose-Einstein condensation in contact with a thermal reservoir
• Exact steady state of the open XX-spin chain: entanglement and transport properties
• Minimal instances for toric code ground states
• Spin-chain-star systems: entangling multiple chains of spin qubits
• Demonstration of quantum advantage by a joint detection receiver for optical communications using quantum belief propagation on a trapped-ion device
• Optimized noise-assisted simulation of the Lindblad equation with time-dependent coefficients on a noisy quantum processor
• Experimental demonstration of enhanced violations of Leggett-Garg inequalities in a $\mathcal{P}\mathcal{T}$-symmetric trapped-ion qubit
• Flag-Based Control of Quantum Purity for $n=2$ Systems
• Simulating open quantum systems with giant atoms
• Tailored jump operators for purely dissipative quantum magnetism
• Non-Markovian memory in IBMQX4
• Dissipative Bose-Josephson junction coupled to bosonic baths
• Fermionic Simulators for Enhanced Scalability of Variational Quantum Simulation
• Non-equilibrium thermodynamics approach to open quantum systems
• Limits of optimal control yields achievable with quantum controllers
• Signal processing techniques for efficient compilation of controlled rotations in trapped ions
• Topological Qubits with Majorana Fermions in Trapped Ions
• Bilayer crystals of trapped ions for quantum information processing
• Two emitters coupled to a bath with Kerr-like non-linearity: Exponential decay, fractional populations, and Rabi oscillations
• Iterative construction of conserved quantities in dissipative nearly integrable systems
• Calibration and High Fidelity Measurement of a Quantum Photonic Chip
• Reconstructing effective Hamiltonians from nonequilibrium (pre-)thermal steady states
• Quantum master equation for many-body systems: Derivation based on the Lieb-Robinson bound
• Probabilistic Eigensolver with a Trapped-Ion Quantum Processor
• Dynamical Equilibration of Topological Properties
• Solvable Markovian dynamics of lattice quantum spin models
• Observation of multiple steady states with engineered dissipation
• Nonunitary Gate Operations by Dissipation Engineering
• Engineering entanglement between resonators by hot environment
• Non-Markovian to Markovian decay in structured environments with correlated disorder
• Engineering imaginary stark ladder in a dissipative lattice: passive $\mathcal{P}\mathcal{T}$ symmetry, K symmetry and localized damping
• Exact dynamical correlations of nonlocal operators in quadratic open Fermion systems: a characteristic function approach
• Dissipative versus Conditional Generation of Gaussian Entanglement and Spin Squeezing
• Dissipative phonon Fock state production in strong nonlinear optomechanics
• Universal long-time behavior of stochastically driven interacting quantum systems
• Efficient flow equations for dissipative systems
• Low-temperature environments for quantum computation and quantum simulation
• Tunable Non-Markovianity for Bosonic Quantum Memristors
• Dissipative stabilization of entangled qubit pairs in quantum arrays with a single localized dissipative channel
• Design of the coherent diffusive photon gun for generating non-classical states
• Non-Hermitian skin effect in a single trapped ion
• Kinetics of Many-Body Reservoir Engineering
• Quantum many-body spin ratchets
• Multi-Purpose Architecture for Fast Reset and Protective Readout of Superconducting Qubits
• Simulating open-system molecular dynamics on analog quantum computers
• Ground-state Stabilization of Open Quantum Systems by Dissipation
• Ultracold Bose Mixtures with Spin-Dependent Fermion-Mediated Interactions
• Boosting quantum battery performance by structure engineering
• Regular patterns in the information flow of local dephasing channels
• Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state generation in qubit-chains via a single $\pi /2$-pulse
• Characterizing quantum instruments: from non-demolition measurements to quantum error correction
• Dual trapped-ion quantum simulators: an alternative route towards exotic quantum magnets
• Many-Body Physics with Trapped Ions
• Implementation of standard quantum error correction codes for solid-state qubits
• Quantum algorithms for cooling: a simple case study
• Adiabatic quantum trajectories in engineered reservoirs
• Steady-state entanglement enhanced by a dissipative ancilla
• Realization of a fast triple-magic all-optical qutrit in strontium-88
• Emerging unitary evolutions in dissipatively coupled systems
• A Universal Quantum Circuit Design for Periodical Functions
• Dynamical uncertainty propagation with noisy quantum parameters
• Effects of Noise, Correlations and errors in the preparation of initial states in Quantum Simulations
• Dissipative quantum light field engineering
• Designing open quantum systems for enabling quantum enhanced sensing through classical measurements
• Master Equation Emulation and Coherence Preservation with Classical Control of a Superconducting Qubit
• Read-out of Quasi-periodic Systems using Qubits
• Spectral Signatures of Vibronic Coupling in Trapped Cold Ionic Rydberg Systems
• Steady Schrödinger cat state of a driven Ising chain
• Dissipative Distillation of Supercritical Quantum Gases
• Schrödinger cat and Werner state disentanglement simulated by trapped ion systems
• Non-equilibrium steady states and critical slowing down in the dissipative Bose-Hubbard model
• A model of interacting quantum neurons with a dynamic synapse
• Non-Markovian quantum dissipative processes with the same positive features as Markovian dissipative processes
• Quantum Simulation of Simple Many-Body Dynamics
• Towards Laser Control of Open Quantum Systems: Memory Effects
• Experimental Extraction of Coherent Ergotropy and Its Energetic Cost in a Superconducting Qubit
• Quantum Neural Network and Soft Quantum Computing
• Vortex formation and dynamics in two-dimensional driven-dissipative condensates
• Coherent randomized benchmarking
• Accelerated Decay due to Operator Spreading in Bulk-Dissipated Quantum Systems
• Phase diffusion and fluctuations in a dissipative Bose-Josephson junction
• Dissipation-sensitive multi-photon excitations of strongly interacting Rydberg atoms
• Universal scaling at a pre-thermal dark state
• Effects of symmetry breaking of the structurally-disordered Hamiltonian ensembles on the anisotropic decoherence of qubits
• Dipolar ordering transitions in many-body quantum optics: Analytical diagrammatic approach to equilibrium quantum spins
• Noise to lubricate qubit transfer in a spin network
• Quantum non-Markovian behavior at the chaos border
• Initial-state-dependent quantum speed limit for dissipative state preparation: Framework and optimization
• Digital Quantum Simulation, Learning of the Floquet Hamiltonian, and Quantum Chaos of the Kicked Top
• Oscillating-mode gap: an indicator of phase transition in open quantum many-body systems
• System-bath entanglement of noninteracting fermionic impurities: Equilibrium, transient, and steady-state regimes
• Encoding quantum bits in bound electronic states of a graphene nanotorus
• Controlled remote implementation of operations via graph states
• Phase-space elementary information content of confined Dirac spinors
• Non-Markovian modeling of Fermi-Bose systems coupled to one or several Fermi-Bose thermal baths
• Temporal bistability in the dissipative Dicke-Bose-Hubbard system
• Making Quantum Collision Models Exact
• Macroscopic distant magnon-mode entanglement via a squeezed drive
• Decoherence of many-body systems due to many-body interactions
• Dynamics of Onsager vortex clustering in decaying turbulent polariton quantum fluids
• Discrete-phase-space method for driven-dissipative dynamics of strongly interacting bosons in optical lattices
• Noise-aware variational eigensolvers: a dissipative route for lattice gauge theories
• Low-Rank Variational Quantum Algorithm for the Dynamics of Open Quantum Systems
• Asymmetric Transmission Through a Classical Analogue of the Aharonov-Bohm Ring
• General approach to find steady-state manifolds in Markovian and non-Markovian systems
• Time-periodic driving of a bath-coupled open quantum gas of light
• Protection of quantum evolutions under parity-time symmetric non-Hermitian Hamiltonians by dynamical decoupling
• Stabilization of cat-state manifolds using nonlinear reservoir engineering
• Dissipative dynamics in the free massive boson limit of the sine-Gordon model
• Domain formation and structural stabilities in mixed-species Coulomb crystals induced by sympathetically cooled highly charged ions
• Toward simulating quantum field theories with controlled phonon-ion dynamics: A hybrid analog-digital approach
• Quantum engineering of a synthetic thermal bath for bosonic atoms in a one-dimensional optical lattice via Markovian feedback control
• Asymmetric environment induces protein-like relaxation in spin chain
• Spontaneous symmetry breaking in non-steady modes of open quantum many-body systems
• Quantum Simulation of Pairing Hamiltonians with Nearest-Neighbor Interacting Qubits
• Spin entanglement via STM current
• Exact Model Reduction for Continuous-Time Open Quantum Dynamics
• Quantum simulation of Pauli channels and dynamical maps: algorithm and implementation
• Experimental realization of nonunitary multi-qubit operations
• Generalized Gibbs ensembles in weakly interacting dissipative systems and digital quantum computers
• Magnetization in a non-equilibrium quantum spin system
• Demonstration of system-bath physics on a gate-based quantum computer
• Analogue quantum simulation of superradiance and subradiance in trapped-ions
• Dephasing enhanced transport in nonequilibrium strongly correlated quantum systems
• Quantum simulation of weak-field light-matter interactions
• Initial states of qubit-boson models leading to conserved quantities
• Autonomous Stabilization of Floquet States Using Static Dissipation
• Entangling Nuclear Spins by Dissipation in a Solid-state System
• Synthetic anyons in noninteracting systems
• Improving quantum metrology protocols with programmable photonic circuits
• Reservoir Engineering for Classical Nonlinear Fields
• Optimal and robust experiment design for quantum state tomography of star-topology register
• Adaptively partitioned analog quantum simulation on near-term quantum computers: The nonclassical free-induction decay of NV centers in diamond
• Driven-Dissipative Bose-Einstein Condensation and the Upper Critical Dimension
• Interplay between external driving, dissipation and collective effects in the Markovian and non-Markovian regimes
• Singular transport in non-equilibrium strongly internal-coupled 1D tilted field spin-1/2 chain
• Quantum Simulation of the Dissipative Anderson Model
• Error threshold in active steering protocols for few-qubit systems
• Dynamical symmetry in quantum dissipative models
• Dynamics of entanglement creation between two spins coupled to a chain
• Shortcuts to adiabaticity in open quantum critical systems
• Computability and Complexity of Unconventional Computing Devices
• Passive verification protocol for thermal graph states
• Impact of micromotion and field-axis misalignment on the excitation of Rydberg states of ions in a Paul trap
• Environment-Mediated Long-Ranged Correlations in Many-Body System
• Energy current manipulation and reversal of rectification in graded XXZ spin chains
• Absorbing state phase transitions beyond directed percolation in dissipative quantum state preparation
• Manipulating scattering of ultracold atoms with light-induced dissipation
• Uncovering measurement-induced entanglement via directional adaptive dynamics and incomplete information
• Dirac bi-spinor entanglement under local noise and its simulation by Jaynes-Cummings interactions
• Quantum error correction in a time-dependent transverse field Ising model
• Towards scalable active steering protocols for genuinely entangled state manifolds
• Violation of the thermodynamic uncertainty relation in quantum collisional models
• Strong symmetries in collision models and physical dilations of covariant quantum maps
• Separation of relaxation timescales via strong system-bath coupling: Dissipative three-level system as a case study
• Investigating Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick Model and Criticality-Enhanced Metrology in a Coherent Ising Machine
• Probability Bracket Notation for Probability Modeling
• Universal patterns in multifrequency-driven dissipative systems
• Flag-based Control of Orbit Dynamics in Quantum Lindblad Systems
• Losses in interacting quantum gases: ultra-violet divergence and its regularization
• Describing Trotterized Time Evolutions on Noisy Quantum Computers via Static Effective Lindbladians
• Dissipative cooling towards phantom Bethe states in boundary driven XXZ spin chain
• Dissipation-assisted quantum correlations in coupled qubits
• Alternating Projections Methods for Discrete-time Stabilization of Quantum States
• Optimal Photon blockade on the maximal atomic coherence
• Model Reduction for Quantum Systems: Discrete-time Quantum Walks and Open Markov Dynamics
• Quantum friction: environment engineering perspectives
• Inducing nontrivial qubit coherence through a controlled dispersive environment
• Thermal masses and trapped-ion quantum spin models: a self-consistent approach to Yukawa-type interactions in the $\lambda {\varphi }^4$ model
• Entanglement from dissipative dynamics into overlapping environments
• Trees, Forests, and Stationary States of Quantum Lindblad Systems
• Reservoir-assisted energy migration through multiple spin-domains
• Detecting degenerate bands topological invariants in optical lattice
• A quantum heat exchanger for nanotechnology
• Entanglement Protection of Classically Driven Qubits in a Lossy Cavity
• Efficient steady state entanglement generation in strongly driven coupled qubits
• Thermality versus objectivity: can they peacefully coexist?
• Quantum simulator of extended bipartite Hubbard model with broken sublattice symmetry: magnetism, correlations, and phase transitions
• A Lie Theoretic Framework for Controlling Open Quantum Systems
• An exactly solvable model for anyons with non-Abelian flux
• Many-body constraints and non-thermal behavior in 1D open systems with Haldane exclusion statistics
• Distributed finite-time stabilization of entangled quantum states on tree-like hypergraphs
• Polaron effects on the information backflow in Jaynes-Cummings model
• Lindblad master equations for quantum systems coupled to dissipative bosonic modes
• Quantum correlations and coherence in a two-qubit anisotropic $XY$ under magnetic field
• Multipartite entanglement and few-body Hamiltonians
• Projective simulation for artificial intelligence
• Out-of-time-order correlators for Swanson Hamiltonian with interaction terms
• Experimental verification of the inertial theorem control protocols
• Semidefinite programming for understanding the limitations of Lindblad equations
• Endcap-Type Paul Trap for Precision Spectroscopy and Studies of Controlled Interactions
• Sample Optimal and Memory Efficient Quantum State Tomography
• Dissipative Yao-Lee Spin-Orbital Model: Exact Solvability and $\mathcal{P}\mathcal{T}$ Symmetry Breaking
• Hamiltonian simulation with explicit formulas for Digital-Analog Quantum Computing
• A graphene edge-mediated quantum gate
• Dynamic manifestation of exception points in a non-Hermitian continuous model with an imaginary periodic potential
• Open harmonic chain without secular approximation
• Quantum Simulation of Two-Level $PT$-Symmetric Systems Using Hermitian Hamiltonians
• Generalized pulse design in Floquet engineering: Application to interacting spin systems
• Dissipation-Driven Transition of Particles from Dispersive to Flat Bands
• Error bounds on the universal Lindblad equation in the thermodynamic limit
• Measuring entanglement without local addressing in quantum many-body simulators via spiral quantum state tomography
• Feedback cooling of fermionic atoms in optical lattices
• Dynamics of Quantum Coherence and Non-Classical Correlations in Open Quantum System Coupled to a Squeezed Thermal Bath
• Hierarchies among genuine multipartite entangling capabilities of quantum gates
• A digital quantum simulator in the presence of a bath
• Photonic realization of nonlocal memory effects and non-Markovian quantum probes
• Dissipative Quantum Metrology
• Decoherence of the quantum logic gate implemented with the Jaynes-Cummings model: A semiclassical approach
• Some aspects of the interplay between bipartite correlations and quantum channels
• Entanglement as a resource for discrimination of classical environments