Dark Matter Candidates from Particle Physics and Methods of Detection

Abstract

The identity of dark matter is a question of central importance in both astrophysics and particle physics. In the past, the leading particle candidates were cold and collisionless, and typically predicted missing energy signals at particle colliders. However, recent progress has greatly expanded the list of well-motivated candidates and the possible signatures of dark matter. This review begins with a brief summary of the standard model of particle physics and its outstanding problems. We then discuss several dark matter candidates motivated by these problems, including WIMPs, superWIMPs, light gravitinos, hidden dark matter, sterile neutrinos, and axions. For each of these, we critically examine the particle physics motivations and present their expected production mechanisms, basic properties, and implications for direct and indirect detection, particle colliders, and astrophysical observations. Upcoming experiments will discover or exclude many of these candidates, and progress may open up an era of unprecedented synergy between studies of the largest and smallest observable length scales.

62 pages, references added, to appear in Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics

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Cited by in corpus (425)

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• Heart of Darkness: The Significance of the Zeptobarn Scale for Neutralino Direct Detection
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• Radio emission from dark matter annihilation in the Large Magellanic Cloud
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• Non-minimally Coupled Vector Boson Dark Matter
• Searching for New Physics in Ultradense Environment: a Review on Dark Matter Admixed Neutron Stars
• Accelerating Earth-Bound Dark Matter
• Wire metamaterial filled metallic resonators
• Dark Matter Candidates and Searches
• Emergent gravity in galaxies and in the Solar System
• Search for long-lived particles decaying into muon pairs in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 13 TeV collected with a dedicated high-rate data stream
• Inverse Seesaw Model with a Modular $S_4^{}$ Symmetry: Lepton Flavor Mixing and Warm Dark Matter
• The WIMP Paradigm: Theme and Variations
• Cosmological Simulations of Two-Component Wave Dark Matter
• A dynamical system representation of generalized Rastall gravity
• Long lived inert Higgs in fast expanding universe and its imprint on cosmic microwave background
• Cooling of Neutron Stars admixed with Light Dark Matter: a case study
• Cancellation in Dark Matter-Nucleon Interactions: the Role of Non-Standard-Model-like Yukawa Couplings
• Signal Response Model in PandaX-4T
• Lepton portal dark matter at muon colliders: Total rates and generic features for phenomenologically viable scenarios
• New CMB spectral distortion constraints on decaying dark matter with full evolution of electromagnetic cascades before recombination
• Bosonic dark matter dynamics in hybrid neutron stars
• Gravitational lensing of massive particles by a black-bounce-Schwarzschild black hole
• Top-philic Dark Matter in a Hybrid KSVZ axion framework
• Search for dark matter annihilation in the dwarf irregular galaxy WLM with H.E.S.S
• Dark Matter Halos from the Inside Out
• Galaxy-Galaxy Weak Lensing Measurements from SDSS: I. Image Processing and Lensing signals
• Dark Matter from Monogem
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• Dark Matter versus h into gamma gamma and h into gamma Z with supersymmetric triplets
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• The Higgs Boson is found: What is next?
• Thermodynamics, Weak Gravitational Lensing, and Parameter Estimation of a Schwarzschild Black Hole Immersed in Hernquist Dark Matter Halo
• Constraints on Effective Field Theory Couplings Using 311.2 days of LUX Data
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• Improved bounds on the bosonic dark matter with pulsars in the Milky Way
• A decade of dark matter searches with ground-based Cherenkov telescopes
• CMB signature of non-thermal Dark Matter produced from self-interacting dark sector
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• Search for Semi-Annihilating Dark Matter with Fermi-LAT, H.E.S.S., Planck, and the Cherenkov Telescope Array
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• Further Refining Swampland dS Conjecture in Mimetic f(G) Gravity
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• Status of searches for electroweak-scale supersymmetry after LHC Run 2
• Constraining warm dark matter mass with cosmic reionization and gravitational wave
• Einstein-Proca theory from the Einstein-Cartan formulation
• High Precision Calculations of the Higgs Boson Mass
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• Probing sub-GeV leptophilic dark matter at Belle II and NA64
• Shedding Flavor on Dark via Freeze-in: $U(1{)}_{B-3L_i}$ Gauged Extensions
• Cosmological Probes for Supersymmetry
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• Dark matter from primordial black holes would hold charge
• WIMPy Leptogenesis in Non-Standard Cosmologies
• Fuzzy Aquarius: evolution of a Milky-way like system in the Fuzzy Dark Matter scenario
• Hierarchies of Susy Splittings and Invisible Photinos as Dark Matter
• Observing the dark sector
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• Search for dark matter produced in association with a dark Higgs boson decaying into $W^{+}{W}^{-}$ in the one-lepton final state at $\sqrt{s}$=13 TeV using 139 fb${}^{-1}$ of $pp$ collisions recorded with the ATLAS detector
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• Light vector dark matter with scalar mediator and muon g-2 anomaly
• Vector dark matter from split SU(2) gauge bosons
• Large-mass, low-threshold sapphire detector for rare event searches
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• Unitarity Constraints and Collider Searches for Dark Photons
• Ultraviolet completion of pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone dark matter with a hidden U(1) gauge symmetry
• Tunable Wire Metamaterials for an Axion Haloscope
• Neutrino at different epochs of the Friedmann Universe
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• Exploring the cosmological dark matter coincidence using infrared fixed points
• Electroweak Symmetry Breaking and WIMP-FIMP Dark Matter
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• Towards a method to anticipate dark matter signals with deep learning at the LHC
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• Conformally-rescaled Schwarzschild metrics do not predict flat galaxy rotation curves
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• The search for Light Dark Matter with NEWS-G
• Prospects for $\gamma$-ray observations of the Perseus galaxy cluster with the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• Probing dark-matter effects with gravitational waves using the parameterized post-Einsteinian framework
• Anapole Moment of Majorana Fermions and Implications for Direct Detection of Neutralino Dark Matter
• Dark matter candidates in the NMSSM with RH neutrino superfields
• Neutralino pair production via photon-photon collisions at the ILC
• dmscatter: A Fast Program for WIMP-Nucleus Scattering
• Dark matter indirect detection limits from complete annihilation patterns
• Waveform Simulation in PandaX-4T
• Non-perturbative effects for dark sectors with QCD portals
• Field-level simulation-based inference with galaxy catalogs: the impact of systematic effects
• The proper motion of stars in dwarf galaxies: distinguishing central density cusps from cores
• Detectable Gravitational Waves from preheating probes non-thermal Dark Matter
• Search for bosonic super-weakly interacting massive particles at COSINE-100
• Non-adiabatic evolution of dark sector in the presence of $U(1{)}_{L_{\mu }-L_{\tau }}$ gauge symmetry
• Searching for dark matter with a 1000 km baseline interferometer
• New Constraints on Xenonphobic Dark Matter from DEAP-3600
• Black Hole Thermodynamics in Harada's inspired theory of gravity: Stability, Phase Structure and Geometrothermodynamics
• Massive particle pair production and oscillation in Friedman Universe: dark energy and matter interaction
• CTA Sensitivity on TeV scale Dark Matter Models with Complementary Limits from Direct Detection
• Probing Dark Matter Electromagnetic Properties in Direct Detection Experiments
• Single and merger soliton dynamics in scalar field dark matter with and without self-interactions
• A Primer on Dark Matter
• Dark Matter Freeze-In and Small-Scale Observables: Novel Mass Bounds and Viable Particle Candidates
• Probing mild-tempered neutralino dark matter through top-squark production at the LHC
• Coherent collisional decoherence
• Thermal Relic of Self-Interacting Dark Matter with Retarded Decay of Mediator
• Hair is complicated: Gravitational waves from stable and unstable boson-star mergers
• Cooling of dark neutron stars
• Search for physics beyond the standard model in top quark production with additional leptons in the context of effective field theory
• Hidden sector effects on double higgs production near threshold at the LHC
• Dark photon portal into mirror world
• Measurement of directional range components of nuclear recoil tracks in a fiducialised dark matter detector
• Dark Matter Annihilation Feedback in cosmological simulations I: Code convergence and idealised halos
• Optical response of highly reflective film used in the water Cherenkov muon veto of the XENON1T dark matter experiment
• New Constraints on Decaying Dark Matter from INTEGRAL/SPI
• Reduction of ${}^{222}$Rn-induced Backgrounds in a Hermetic Dual-Phase Xenon Time Projection Chamber
• Impact of electroweak group representation in models for $B$ and $g-2$ anomalies from Dark Loops
• Large-$N_c$ constraints for elastic dark matter-light nucleus scattering in pionless effective field theory
• Using $\gamma$-ray observations of dwarf spheroidal galaxies to test the possible common origin of the W-boson mass anomaly and the GeV $\gamma$-ray/antiproton excesses
• Improved Sensitivity of the DRIFT-IId Directional Dark Matter Experiment using Machine Learning
• Differential cross-sections for events with missing transverse momentum and jets measured with the ATLAS detector in 13 TeV proton-proton collisions
• Impact of shell model interactions on nuclear responses to WIMP elastic scattering
• Imprints of MeV Scale Hidden Dark Sector at Planck Data
• A New Parameterized Interacting Holographic Dark Energy
• Revisiting Inert Doublet Model Parameters
• Strange stars admixed with dark matter: equiparticle model in a two fluid approach
• Comparisons of annual modulations in MINOS with the event rate modulation in CoGeNT
• Euclid preparation. Sensitivity to non-standard particle dark matter model
• The Sun and stars: Giving light to dark matter
• Big Bang nucleosynthesis as a probe of new physics
• TeV gamma-ray sensitivity to velocity-dependent dark matter models in the Galactic Center
• Neutron stars as probes of dark matter
• Dark matter as the source of neutrino mass: theory overview and experimental prospects
• Thermal keV dark matter in a gauged B-L model with cosmic inflation
• Assessing the quality of a network of vector-field sensors
• Nonrelativistic nuclear reduction for tensor couplings in dark matter direct detection and $\mu \to e$ conversion
• Combination and summary of ATLAS dark matter searches interpreted in a 2HDM with a pseudo-scalar mediator using 139 fb${}^{-1}$ of $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV $pp$ collision data
• Secluded Dark Sector and Muon $(g-2)$ in the Light of Fast Expanding Universe
• Probing Relatively Heavier Right-Handed Selectron at the CEPC, $\mathbf{FC}{\mathbf{C}}_{\mathbf{ee}}$ and ILC
• Weyl meson and its implications in collider physics and cosmology
• Dark Matter in the Alternative Left Right Model
• Detection and Calibration of Low-Energy Nuclear Recoils for Dark Matter and Neutrino Scattering Experiments
• Interpretations of the possible 42.7 GeV $\gamma$-ray line
• A new LHC search for dark matter produced via heavy Higgs bosons using simplified models
• An Unsupervised Machine Learning Method for Electron--Proton Discrimination of the DAMPE Experiment
• Pseudo-Goldstone Dark Matter Model with CP violation
• Electroweak Phase Transition in Two Scalar Singlet Model with pNGB Dark Matter
• Experimental signatures of Kalb-Ramond-like particles
• Machine Learning-Based Analytical Expressions for Gray-Body Factors and Application to Primordial Black Holes
• Can radial motions in the stellar halo constrain the rate of change of mass in the Galaxy?
• Status and Implications of BSM Searches at the LHC
• Dark matter effects in modified teleparallel gravity
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• The Impact of Dark Matter on Gravitational Wave Detection by Space-based Interferometers
• The Milky Way satellite galaxy Leo T: A perturbed cored dwarf
• Constraining CPT-odd electromagnetic chiral parameters with pulsar timing
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• Bayesian Analysis of time dependence of DAMA annual modulation amplitude
• A fast method for particle tracking and triggering using small-radius silicon detectors
• Prospects for probing dark matter particles and primordial black holes with the Hongmeng mission using the 21 cm global spectrum at cosmic dawn
• Impact of dark matter on strange quark stars described by different quark models
• Free-floating "planets'' in the macrolensed quasar Q2237+0305
• The dark Stodolsky effect: constraining effective dark matter operators with spin-dependent interactions
• Model for bubble nucleation efficiency of low-energy nuclear recoils in bubble chambers for dark matter detection
• Gauge invariant perturbations in teleparallel Horndeski gravity
• Supermassive black hole in NGC 4649 (M60) with a dark matter halo: Impact on shadow measurements and thermodynamic properties
• Combination of searches for Higgs boson decays into a photon and a massless dark photon using $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector
• Ultralight dark matter or dark radiation cosmologically produced from infrared dressing
• Cosmological prior for the $J$-factor estimation of dwarf spheroidal galaxies
• FIMP Dark Matter in bulk viscous non-standard cosmologies
• Relativistic structure of a supermassive black hole embedded in the dark matter halo of NGC 4649 (M60)
• Distinguishing dark matter halos with Extreme mass ratio inspirals
• A dense dark matter core of the subhalo in the strong lensing system JVAS B1938+666
• Cosmological nanolensing by dense gas clouds
• Looking forward to forward physics at the CERN's LHC
• Thermal evolution of dark matter and gravitational-wave production in the early universe from a symplectic glueball model
• Gauged $L_e-L_{\mu }-L_{\tau }$ symmetry, fourth generation, neutrino mass and dark matter
• Dark photon dark matter from flattened axion potentials
• A low-mass dark matter project, ALETHEIA: A Liquid hElium Time projection cHambEr In dArk matter
• Linking solar bosonic dark matter halos and active neutrinos
• Bounds from multi-messenger astronomy on the Super Heavy Dark Matter
• Constraining the Secluded and Catalyzed Annihilation Dark Matter with Fermi-LAT and Planck Data
• Prediction for the neutrino mass in the KATRIN experiment from lensing by the galaxy cluster A1689
• Search for dark matter produced in association with a dark Higgs boson in the $b\bar{b}$ final state using $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector
• Exploring Faraday rotation signatures and population bounds for primordial magnetic black holes
• Imprints of Non-Symmetric Dark Matter Halos on Magnetars: A Two-Fluid Perspective
• Shedding Light on Dark Sectors with Gravitational Waves
• Particle Dark Matter: the state of the art
• Light Thermal Self-Interacting Dark Matter in the Shadow of Non-Standard Cosmology
• Probing Non-Minimal Dark Sectors via the 21 cm Line at Cosmic Dawn
• Search for dark matter particles in W${}^{+}$W${}^{-}$ events with transverse momentum imbalance in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Searching for topological dark matter in LIGO data
• Sensitivity toward dark matter annihilation imprints on 21-cm signal with SKA-Low: A convolutional neural network approach
• Probing lepton flavor violating dark matter scenarios via astrophysical photons and positrons
• Macromodel-free flux-ratio prediction in quadruply imaged quasars with local constraints from lensed arcs
• Dark Matter Constraints in Myrzakulov $F(R,T)$ Gravity: A Vielbein Approach in Weitzenböck Spacetime with Observational Data
• Limiting the Yukawa Gravity through the Black Hole Shadows of Sgr A* and M87*
• Right-handed sneutrino and gravitino multicomponent dark matter in light of neutrino detectors
• Three-Body Problem in Modified Dynamics
• Analytical insight into dark matter subhalo boost factors for Sommerfeld-enhanced $s$- and $p$-wave $\gamma$-ray signals
• Gravitational SIMPs
• Indirect dark matter searches at ultrahigh energy neutrino detectors
• Exploring Fermionic Multiplet Dark Matter through Precision Measurements at the CEPC
• Testing the predictions of axisymmetric distribution functions of galactic dark matter with hydrodynamical simulations
• Investigating the dark matter minispikes with the gamma-ray signal from the halo of M31
• Anapole Dark Matter Interactions as Soft Hidden Photons
• Dark matter and the neutrino portal paradigm
• Effective theories for Dark Matter interactions and the neutrino portal paradigm
• Continuum Dark Matter
• Scaling relations, dynamical heating and tidal disruption in spin $s$ ultralight dark matter models
• Search for dark matter using sub-PeV $\mathbf{\gamma }$-rays observed by Tibet AS${}_{\mathbf{\gamma }}$
• Seasons of Dark Matter Freeze-In Shaped by the Weather of the Early Universe
• Dark Atoms of the Universe: towards OHe nuclear physics
• Gauge invariant perturbations of $F(T,T_G)$ Cosmology
• Prospects for macroscopic dark matter detection at space-based and suborbital experiments
• Muons from Neutralino Annihilations in the Sun: Flipped SU(5)
• Search for Dark Photons in Rare $Z$ Boson Decays with the ATLAS Detector
• Upper limit on dark matter mass in the inert doublet model
• HydroX, a light dark matter search with hydrogen-doped liquid xenon time projection chambers
• Assessment of Dark Matter Models Using Dark Matter Correlations across Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies
• Ten-dimensional neural network emulator for the nonlinear matter power spectrum
• Infrared Sensitivity of Cosmological Probes in Horndeski Theory
• Constraints on Kinetic Mixing of Dark Photons from Dilepton Spectra
• A search for dark matter produced in association with a dark Higgs boson decaying into a Higgs boson pair in 3$b$ or 4$b$ final states using $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector
• Search for light dark matter with NEWS-G
• Complex scalar dark matter in a new gauged U(1) symmetry with kinetic and direct mixings
• Comments on bosonic super-WIMPs search experiments
• Search for Charm-quark Production via Dimuons in Neutrino Telescopes
• Dark photon constraints using the UHE gamma-ray emission from galactic sources. A Phenomenological Study
• Quantum Error Correction Assisted Axion Search in CMOS Spin Qubit Arrays
• Ultralight Dark Matter from the Edge of Field Space
• Search for dark matter produced in association with a pair of bottom quarks in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Sensitivity of a Gigahertz Fabry-Pérot Resonator for Axion Dark Matter Detection
• Antiproton Flux in Cosmic Ray Propagation Models with Anisotropic Diffusion
• The Strange Physics of Dark Baryons
• The multicomponent dark matter structure and its possible observed manifestations
• LC Circuits for the Direct Detection of Ultralight Dark Matter Candidates
• Distinguishing between dark-matter interactions with gravitational-wave detectors
• Sterile neutrino dark matter production in presence of non-standard neutrino self-interactions: an EFT approach
• Complementarity of experiments in probing the non-relativistic effective theory of dark matter-nucleon interactions
• Study of dark matter in the extended BLMSSM
• Gravitational lensing of pulsars as a probe of dark matter halos
• Effective Field Theories for Dark Matter Pairs in the Early Universe
• Merging Galaxy Clusters and the Search for New Physics of Dark Matter: A Review
• Modifying $\Lambda$CDM dynamics via out-of-equilibrium axions: reconciling SH0ES and DESI $H_0$ values
• In-depth analysis of the clustering of dark matter particles around primordial black holes. Part III: CMB constraints
• Cosmic-ray-electron boosted light dark matter: Implications of LZ 2025 data
• Search for dark matter produced in association with a Higgs boson decaying to bottom quarks in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Radiative Symmetry Breaking in the Supersymmetric Minimal B-L Extended Standard Model
• Dark Matter in Multi-Singlet Extensions of the Standard Model
• Spectral distortions in the decaying QCD dark matter scenario
• Supersymmetry and the Spectral Action. On a geometrical interpretation of the MSSM
• Sterile neutrino dark matter from a TeV Scale Seesaw
• Gravitational waves in Palatini gravity for a non-minimal geometry-matter coupling
• Production and signatures of multi-flavour dark matter scenarios with t-channel mediators
• Freeze-In Dark Matter and Leptogenesis: a ${\psi }^{\prime }$SM route
• First direct search for light dark matter interactions in a transition-edge sensor
• Search for dark matter produced in association with a Higgs boson decaying to a $\tau$ lepton pair in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV